本篇接前两篇：《文法俱乐部》整理笔记（上） 、《文法俱乐部》整理笔记（中） 

这是最后一篇，介绍高级句型：简化句子（Reduced clause）和倒装句（inverted sentences）的规则。整本书的语法讲解，采用了总分总的形式。由此可见语言的世界也是由简单到复杂再回归到简洁这样一个过程，世间的万事万物皆是如此吧。

一、减化子句

从修辞学的观点以清楚与简洁为出发点，对子句进行简化。从属子句（名词类、形容词类、副词类）简化规则为：省略主词和be动词，只保留补语部分。

1、为何省略主词？

原因有二：一是主词是空洞的字眼（one,everybody,people等），二是从属子句主词在主要子句中重复出现，从修辞的角度来看皆有违精简原则，因此省略。例如：

It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral.

精简为：

It is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral.

再比如：

Whether it is insured or not,your house, which is a wooden building,needs a fire alarm.

精简为：

Whether it is insured or not,your house,a wooden building,needs a fire alarm.

2、为何省略be动词？

因为be动词在从属子句中没有意义，省略不影响原句的意思。

3、没有be动词怎么办？

分为两种情形处理：

（1）有助动词时，变成不定式

由于所有的语气助词都可以改为be动词加不定式，例如：

You must go at once.——You are to go at once.

The train will leave in 10 minutes.——The train is to leave in 10 minutes.

You should do as I say.——He is to do as I say.

You may call me"Sir."——You are to call me"Sir."

Children can't watch this movie.—— Children are not to watch this movie.

所以，从属子句中如果有助动词，减化子句时只要直接改为不定式就可以了。例如：

He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship.

由so that引导的子句中，主词he与主句中的主词重复，故省略，动词could get可改为was (able) to get，省略be动词，留下补语部分to get a scholarship，连接词也不再需要，就改为：

He studied hard to get a scholarship.或补充为：

He studied hard so as to get a scholarship.

He studied hard in order to get a scholarship.

（2）也没有助动词时，变成Ving.

思考方法如下：先加be动词进去，原来的动词就加上Ving，使它成为进行时形态，有了be动词，Ving之后的部分视为补语而保留，然后把主词和be动词这两个没有意义的部分省略，就完成了减化动作，例如：

John remembers that he saw the lady before.

按方法简化如下：

John remembers (that he was) seeing the lady before.

从属子句减化，是了解复杂句型的关键，也是进入高级句型的阶梯。综上所述，从属子句减化的通则是把主词与be动词省略，留下补语。这是减化子句最重要的观念。接下来就按词类的不同分别介绍形容词、名词及副词三种子句的减化。

二、形容词子句减化

形容词子句就是关系子句，主、从两个句子间一定有重复的元素以建立关系。如果重复的元素（关系词）是关系子句的受词，通常只是把关系词本身省略。例如：

The man is here.

You asked about him.

The man whom you asked about is here.

The man you asked about is here.

如果关系词是子句的主词，省略主词就势必也要省略be动词，这就是典型的形容词子句减化，以下就减化之后所留下来的不同补语来加以分类介绍。

1、补语为Ven

如果关系子句中是被动语态，就会减化成为过去分词的补语部分，例如：

Beer is most delicious.

It is chilled to 6'C.

Beer which is chilled to6'Cis most delicious.

省略主词与be动词即：

Beer  chilled to6'Cis most delicious.

再比如：

Your brother John,who was wounded in war.will soon be sent home.

Your brother John,wounded in war,will soon be sent home.

2、补语为Ving

如果关系子句中动词是be+Ving的形状（进行式），只要省略主词与be动词即可。例如：

The ship which is coming to shore is from Japan.省略为：

The ship coming to shore is from Japan.

3、补语为to V

如果关系子句的动词有语气助词存在，就会成为不定词补语留下来。例如：

John is the one who should go this time.

把who should go 改为who is to go ，再省略who is 即为：

John is the one to go this time.

4、补语为一般形容词

若关系子句动词是be动词，后面是单纯的形容词类作补语，可直接减化主词（既关系词）和be动词，只留下补语。例如：

Hilary Clinton,who is pretty and intelligent,is a popular First Lady.

关系子句中的主词who与be动词省略为：

Hilary Clinton,pretty and intelligent,is a popular First Lady.

5、补语为名词

关系子句是形容词类，如果减化主词和be动词，剩下的是名词补语，其词类虽然与原来的关系子句词类冲突，但仍然可以使用，传统文法则称之为：同位格，来避免冲突。例：

Bill Clinton, who is president of the U.S.,is a Baby Boomer.

省略who is 变为：

Bill Clinton, president of the U.S. , is a Baby Boomer.

三、名词子句减化

与其他词类的从属子句相同，省略主词与be动词，只留下补语。省略be动词是因为它只是连缀动词，本身没有意义。省略

后不需要连接词，因此，名词子句连接词that也一并省略。如果由疑问句演变而来，以疑问词（who,what,where……等）

充当连接词，疑问词就要保留，因为它和that不同，是有意义的字眼。

V+ing形式减化：

如果名词子句中没有be动词，也没有助动词，一律把动词加上-ving。

1、主词位置

That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.

首先，这个句子中没有be动词或助动词，需要加be动词，后面的动词变为-ving，句子就变成：

That I am drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.

再次，把be动词和主词（与后面的my重复）省略，连词that也可以省略，变为：

Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.

2、受词位置

（1）动词的受词

Many husbands enjoy that they do the cooking.

这里的减化位置是动词enjoy的受词，省略后变成：

Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking.

（2）介词的受词

He got used to something.

He worked late into the night.

首先，变成一个复合句：

He got used to something that he worked late into the night.

然后，主词he省略，介词to后面动词变为-ing形式，句子减化成：

He got used to working late into the night.

3、补语位置

His favorite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends.

省略名词子句的he,动词加-ing而成为：

His favorite pastime is going fishing on weekends.

4、主词不能省略时

有时候，省略名词子句的主词会造成句意的改变，这时设法用其他方式来处理。

（1）改成S+V+O+C的句型

主要子句的动词适用于S+V+O+C的句型，而且名词子句必须是处于受词位置。

I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me.

该句中，主词不一样，因此不能省略，只能将be动词省略,变成：

I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me.

（2）用所有格来处理

That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me.

His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.

（3）加介词来处理

只适合一种特殊句型，例如：

I am worried that my son lies all the time.

还原为：

I am worried (about the fact which) that my son lies all the time.

用所有格来处理为:

I am worried about my son's lying all the time.

也可以将主词my son置于about后面的受词位置，lying all the time作受词补语：

I am worried about my son lying all the time.

以上两种变换方式都正确，但稍有出入，第一种方法更精确，担心的是一件事，而第二种方法变成了担心人。

5、如何处理被动语态

被动语态若省略主词和be动词，剩下的补语Ven是形容词类，无法取代原来的名词子句，所以必须进一步修改，例如：

That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult.

省略主词anyone和is，变为：

Called a liar is the greatest insult.而Called a liar是形容词类，不能取代原来的名词子句作主词，如果改成

Calling，虽然变成了名词类，但被动的意味消失了。因此，应加上being，变成：

Being called a liar is the greatest insult.

再比如：

I am looking forward to something.

I am invited to the party.

还原为：I am looking forward to that I am invited to the party.

将invited变为名词类invitation，省略为：

I am looking forward to the invitation to the party.

或I am looking forward to being invited to the party.

6、动词是单纯的be动词时

若名词子句中是be动词，后面接一般的名词或形容词作补语，则须加上-ing成为being:

例如：

That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience.

名词子句中是单纯的be动词，后面接teacher作补语，减化时改为being……才能保持[做]老师的味道：

Being a teacher requires a lot of patience.

又比如：

That he was busy is no excuse for the negligence.

减化为：Being busy is no excuse for the negligence.

7、减化后剩下的补语是to V形态时

名词子句减化，若其中有语气助动词，含有不确定语气，就会成为不定词（to V），如：

The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas.

减化时，把助动词改为be+to，成为：

The children expect that they are to get presents for Christmas.

再减化为：

The children expect to get presents for Christmas.

注意：不定词即[不一定是什么词类]，可当名词、形容词、副词，所以不必顾虑词类是否符合的问题，唯一要注意的是，

不定词不适合放在介词后面，这是要改为Ving形式，例如：

I think it strange that man should fear ghosts.

省略为I think it strange to fear ghosts.

主词不适合省略时，将它保留，不可以把主词放入受词位置，变成S+V+O+C的句型，例如：

I want that you should go.

先将should改为be+to，成为：

I want that you are to go.

再将that 和be动词省略，减化为：

I want you to go.

在大部分句型中，不定词原来的主词可放在介词后的受词位置保留下来，又如：

That the Clippers should beat the Lakers was quite a marvelous feat.

the Clippers不能省略，就加介词for,减化为：

For the Clippers to beat the Lakers was quite a marvelous feat.

代表疑问句的名词子句减化

名词子句有两种疑问，一种是由直述句处加连接词that而形成，减化时可省略that。另一种是由疑问句改造，以疑问词来

充当连接词，例如：

What should I do?

I don't know the question.

复合句：I don't know what I should do.

省略I，助动词改为不定词，成为：

I don't know what to do.

如果是Yes/No question，没有疑问词，要制造名词子句时就得添加whether,例如：

Should I vote for the KMT?

I can't decide the question.

加上whether，成为：

I can't decide whether to vote for the KMT.

to V 与Ving的比较

不定词与动名词都可以当名词类使用，不易区分，从减化子句的角度来看，就很容易区分清楚。例如：

He forgot that he should see his dentist that day.

由于should see可以表示不确定的语气，修改为to V,减化为：

He forgot to see his dentist that day.

相反的，如果原本的句子是这样：

He forgot that he saw the man before.

saw在这里表示确实看见，因此，不能表示不确定，使用Ving，减化为：

He forgot seeing the man before.

四、副词子句减化之一

减化为Ving补语

若没有be动词可省略，也没有语气助词可供改写，就得先改成进行式，再省略be动词，得到Ving结果。例如：

While he was lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.

省略主词和be动词，改为：

While lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.

1、连接词是否保留

省略后是否会影响句子的意思，若不影响，则可省略。上例即可减化为：

Lying on the couch,the boy fell asleep.

这里有Lying on the couch，并不是大部分语法书中所说的现在分词作伴随，而是一个修饰fell的副词子句。

2、没有be动词与助动词时

如果原来的副词子句中没有be动词或语气助动词（can,must,may……），只有普通动词，那么就成为Ving形式。例如：

Because we have nothing to do here,we might as well go home.

首先，这里的副词子句中的to do here,其实是减化的形容词子句，原来是that we can do here，修饰先行词nothing。然后，副词子句的动词have，没有be动词可省略，也没有语气助动词可供改写，所以必须加上be动词，原来的have就变成having。注意：这种修改不是为了要改成进行式，而是为了做词类变化。主词和be动词便可以省略，成为：

Having nothing to do here,we might as well go home.

3、应该省略的连接词

做减化示，表示原因的连接词because,since……通常要省略，若保留下来会显得相当刺眼。句型本身强烈暗示因果关系，再加上because会十分累赘。

4、应该保留的连接词

如果省略连接词会造成句意不清，就得保留。例如：

Although we have noting to do here,we can't leave early.

减化为：

Although having noting to do here,we can't leave early.

但若能使用别的方式来表示逻辑关系也可以省略although。如：

Having noting to do here,we （still）can't leave early.

再比如：

He raised his hand,as if he was trying to hit her.

省略主词和be动词，就变成：

He raised his hand,as if trying to hit her.

若把连接词也省略，成为：

He raised his hand,trying to hit her.

句子的意思就完全变了，因此，这里的连接词as if 不能省略。

5、being的运用

副词子句的be动词一般在减化时要省略，但有些状况下要以being的方式留下来。例如：

As I am a student,I can't afford to get married.

一种方法是省略主词和be动词，保留连接词sa，成为：

As a student,I can't afford to get married.

另一种方法是省略连接词，借用无意义的be动词改成being:

Being a student,I can't afford to get married.

6、兼作介词的连接词：before,after,since

这种状况也需要使用being，例如：

Before he was in school,he used to be a naughty child.

此处，如果省略主词和be动词，成为：

Before in school,he used to be a naughty child.

让人误解这里的before是介词，意思完全理解错了。

只能借用be动词来作变化：

Before being in school,he used to be a naughty child.

be动词存在，后面就可以接补语in school，而be动词本身是being的形态，放在介词before后面也符合词类的要求。

7、时间的问题

减化副词子句时还得注意时间问题。例如：

After he wrote the letter,he put it to mail.

若按省略主词和be动词进行减化，成为：

After writting the letter,he put it to mail.

这个是正确的。

但若想要将介词after也省略，则应减化为：

Having written the letter,he put it to mail.

这里是用完成式与简单式的对比来交代写信在先，投邮在后。还原的句子更清楚：

When he had written the letter,he put it to mail.

8、Dangling Modifier的错误

副词子句的减化有一个相当严格的要求：主词只有在与主要子句相同时才可省—。如果忽略这一点就进行省略，会产生文法、修辞的错误。修辞学中甚至有一个特别的名称：Dangling Modifier。例如：

When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed,her mother came to kiss her goodnight.

一种修改方法是改变主要子句的结构，让它主词与副词子句相同，修改如下：

Already sleeping soundly in bed,(the child did not know it when) her mother came to kiss her goodnight.

另一种方法是保留副词子句中不同的主词。

9、保留主词时要注意事项

减化副词子句时，如果主词不同而需保留，两点必须注意：第一，连接词要省略。第二，后面必须配合分词补语，现在分词或过去分词。

五、副词子句减化之二

减化为Ven

从属子句减化的共同原则是省略主词与be动词，原来是被动语态，减化之后就没有了be动词，成为Ven形态。例如：

After he was shot in the knee,he couldn't fight.

减化为：

Shot in the knee,he couldn't fight.

1、是否保留连接词

下面例句中如果去掉连接词after，句子意思仍然保持不变，因为Ven本身表示已经做某事之后。但若这样：

Although he was shot in the knee,he killed three more enemy.

此句中如果去掉连接词although，句子意思就变了，因此，此处不能省略连接词。但可以换一种方式表达，来省略连接词：

Shot in the knee,he still killed three more enemy.

2、三个特殊的连接词

before,after,since这三个连接词也可以当介词使用。由于没有了主词，动词，这个连接词就得当介词看待，亦即：后面

要接名词。例如：

Before it was redecorated,the house was in bad shape.

此处，连接词before不能省略，但主词与be动词省略后，before就会变成介词，后面不能接形容词redecorated，只能在

前面加上being来作词类变化：Being redecorated,the house was in bad shape.

另一种方法，将redecorated改成名词redecoration，意思仍然清楚：

Before redecoration，the house was in bad shape.

3、如何应用having been Because they had been warned,they proceeded carefully.

这个句子中，主词they可以先省掉，动词had been warned有两种处理方式。be动词固然没有内容，可以省略，但是had been是完成时，如果要保留下来，就得先把had been改成分词类的having been，成为：

Having been warned,they proceeded carefully.

或者将having been省略，变成：

Warned,they proceeded carefully.

在文法上同样正确，warned同样表壳了[已经]的意思。所以，having been后面如果跟的是过去分词，就可以省略，不会有任何影响。

4、主词不同时

副词子句减化为Ven,如果主词和主要子句的主词不同，就得把主词留下来，不得省略。例如：

When the coffin had been interred,the minister said a few comforting words.

副词子句的主词是coffin，主要子句的主词是minister，因此，不能省略，只能将动词加以减化，省去连接词，成为：

The coffin interred,the minister said a few comforting words.

5、减化为to V

如果原来的副词子句中有语气助动词（can,should,must之类），带有不确定语气，减化之后就会成为不定词。例如：

He studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship.

副词子句的动词could 带有不确定语气，这里可以减化为不定式：be+to，再省略be动词，剩下to，成为不定式：

He studied hard in order to get a scholarship.

单纯的be动词时

1、如果副词子句的动词是单纯的be动词，后面可能是一般的名词、形容词类的补语。减化时，注意主词要和主要子句的主词相同，然后把连接词留下来，省去主词和be动词，留下补语。例如：

(1)介词短语

When you are under attack,you must take cover immediately.此时，主词相同，可直接省略主词和be动词，留下连接

词，under attcak是介词短语，减化为：

When under attack,you must take cover immediately.

(2)形容词

While it is small in size,the company is very competitive.该句中，small是形容词类补语，留下连接词减化为：

While small in size,the company is very competitive.

（3）名词

Although he was a doctor by training,Asimov became a writer.

此时，a doctor是名词类补语，减化为：

Although a doctor by training,Asimov became a writer.

总结以上三种情形，归纳出：副词子句的连接词不同于名词子句或形容词子句，是有意义的连接词，减化的时候时常要留

下来。一旦留下连接词，拿掉主词与be动词后，不论什么词类的补语——名词、形容词、介词短语——都可以保留下来。

但，如果连接词是before与after之类，减化后成为介词，后面只能接名词类。另，表示原因的连接词because与since，减化后通常不能原样留下来，要改成because of,as a result of之类的介词。用法如下：

（1）改为介词短语

When she arrived at the party,she found all the people gone.

与连接词when近似的介词有on和upon，上面的句子可以改为：

Upon arriving at the party,she found all the people gone.

介词后面接名词，因此，将arrive改为所有格形式，成为：

Upon her arrival at the party,she found all the people gone.

又如：

When she completed the project,she was promoted.

同样的，副词子句可以改写为介词加动名词：

Upon completing the project,she was promoted.

可是，如果动词complete改为名词completion，就会有问题：

Upon completion the project,she was promoted.（误）

错误在于，complete的后面有受词the project。一旦变成名词completion，原来的受词就无所依靠，所以要加介词of来

处理：

Upon completion of the project,she was promoted.

三个延伸的例子：

The construction work was delayed because it had been raining.because与可变为because of,减化为：

The construction work was delayed because of the rain.

Although he opposed it,the plan was carried out.although和despite或 in spite of意思接近，减化为：

Despite his opposition,the plan was carried out.

If there should be a fire,the sprinkler will be started.if和介词in case of近似，减化为：

In case of a fire,the sprinkler will be started.

特殊例子：

Because the exam is only a week away,I have no time to waste.主词不同，减化为：

With the exam only a week away,I have no time to waste.