在Adapter中添加存储勾选状态的List:

public class CalendarAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<CalendarAdapter.CalendarViewHolder> {

    private List<CalendarEvent> calendarEvents;
    private Context context;
    List<Boolean> listCheck;
    // 存储勾选框状态的map集合
    @SuppressLint("UseSparseArrays")
    private OnItemClickListener onItemClickListener;

    public CalendarAdapter(List<CalendarEvent> calendarEvents, Context context,List<Boolean> listCheck) {
        this.calendarEvents = calendarEvents;
        this.context = context;
        this.listCheck=listCheck;
    }

    @Override
    public CalendarViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
        View view = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.event_list_item, parent, false);
        CalendarViewHolder calendarViewHolder = new CalendarViewHolder(view);
        return calendarViewHolder;
    }

    @SuppressLint("SetTextI18n")
    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(CalendarViewHolder holder, int position) {
        holder.position=position;
        final CalendarEvent calendarEvent = calendarEvents.get(position);
        int month = calendarEvent.getMonth();
        int day = calendarEvent.getDay();
        int hour = calendarEvent.getHour();
        int minute = calendarEvent.getMinute();
        String eventTag = calendarEvent.getEventTag();
        if (calendarEvent.getMinute() == 0) {
            holder.tv_event.setText(month+"月"+day+"日"+hour+"点"+eventTag);
        } else {
            holder.tv_event.setText(month+"月"+day+"日"+hour+"点"+minute+"分"+eventTag);
        }
        holder.itemView.setOnLongClickListener(v -> {
            onItemClickListener.onItemLongClick(holder.getLayoutPosition(), holder.itemView);
            return false;
        });
        // 设置CheckBox的状态
        holder.cb_event.setChecked(listCheck.get(position));
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemCount() {
        return calendarEvents.size();
    }

    public class CalendarViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder implements CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener,View.OnClickListener {

        private CheckBox cb_event;
        private TextView tv_event;
        private int position;
        public CalendarViewHolder(View itemView) {
            super(itemView);
            cb_event = (CheckBox) itemView.findViewById(R.id.cb_event);
            tv_event = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.tv_event);

            cb_event.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this);

        }

        @Override
        public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView, boolean isChecked) {
            if (onItemClickListener != null){
                onItemClickListener.setOnItemCheckedChanged(position,isChecked);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            if(onItemClickListener!=null){
                if(cb_event.isChecked()){
                    cb_event.setChecked(false);
                    onItemClickListener.setOnItemClick(position,false);
                }else {
                    cb_event.setChecked(true);
                    onItemClickListener.setOnItemClick(position,true);
                }
            }

        }
    }
    /**
     * itemView点击监听接口
     */
    public interface OnItemClickListener {
        void setOnItemClick(int position, boolean isCheck);
        void onItemLongClick(int position, View itemView);
        void setOnItemCheckedChanged(int position, boolean isCheck);
    }

    /**
     * 给itemView设置监听器
     *
     * @param onItemClickListener 监听器
     */
    public void setOnItemClickListener(OnItemClickListener onItemClickListener) {
        this.onItemClickListener = onItemClickListener;
    }
}

在View中使用：

public class CalendarEventListFragment extends MateBaseFragment implements CalendarContract.View {

    private static final String TAG = CalendarEventListFragment.class.getSimpleName();

    @BindView(R.id.tv_eventDelete)
    TextView tvEventDelete;

    @BindView(R.id.tv_eventDeleteAll)
    TextView tvEventDeleteAll;

    @BindView(R.id.lv_all_event_list)
    RecyclerView lvAllEventList;

    Unbinder unbinder;
    private CalendarContract.Presenter presenter;
    private List<CalendarEvent> calendarEventList;
    private CalendarAdapter calendarAdapter;

    private List<Boolean> listCheck;

    public static CalendarEventListFragment newInstance() {
        return new CalendarEventListFragment();
    }

    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_eventlist, container, false);
        unbinder = ButterKnife.bind(this, rootView);
        return rootView;
    }

    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        setFragmentTitle(R.string.event_list_title);
        presenter.subscribe();
    }

    @Override
    public void onRefresh() {
        presenter.refresh();
    }

    @Override
    public void onPause() {
        super.onPause();
        presenter.unSubscribe();
    }

@OnClick({R.id.tv_eventDelete, R.id.tv_eventDeleteAll})
public void EventDelete(View view) {
    switch (view.getId()) {
        case R.id.tv_eventDelete:
            for (int i = calendarEventList.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (listCheck.get(i)) {
                    listCheck.remove(i);
                    calendarEventList.remove(i);
                    deleteRemindItem(i, calendarEventList.get(i));
                    calendarAdapter.notifyItemRemoved(i);
                    calendarAdapter.notifyItemRangeChanged(0, listCheck.size());
                }

            }
            break;
        case R.id.tv_eventDeleteAll:
            if (!isSelectAll) {
                for (int i = 0; i < listCheck.size(); i++) {
                    listCheck.set(i, true);
                }
                isSelectAll = true;

            } else {
                for (int i = 0; i < listCheck.size(); i++) {
                    listCheck.set(i, false);
                }
                isSelectAll = false;
            }
            calendarAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
            break;

    }
}

    @Override
    public void onDestroyView() {
        super.onDestroyView();

    }

    @Override
    public void setPresenter(CalendarContract.Presenter presenter) {
        this.presenter = presenter;
    }

    @Override
    public CalendarContract.Presenter getPresenter() {
        return presenter;
    }

    @Override
    public void displayCalendar(List<CalendarEvent> calendarEvents) {
        calendarEventList = new ArrayList<>();
        calendarEventList.clear();
        calendarEventList.addAll(calendarEvents);
        LinearLayoutManager layoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(MateApplication.getInstance(), LinearLayout.VERTICAL, false);
        lvAllEventList.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
        lvAllEventList.setItemAnimator(new DefaultItemAnimator());
        lvAllEventList.addItemDecoration(new SpaceItemDecoration(24));
        listCheck = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < calendarEventList.size(); i++) {
            listCheck.add(i, false);
        }
        calendarAdapter = new CalendarAdapter(calendarEventList, MateApplication.getInstance(), listCheck);
        lvAllEventList.setAdapter(calendarAdapter);
        calendarAdapter.setOnItemClickListener(new CalendarAdapter.OnItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void setOnItemClick(int position, boolean isCheck) {
                listCheck.set(position, isCheck);
            }

            @Override
            public void onItemLongClick(int position, View itemView) {

            }

            @Override
            public void setOnItemCheckedChanged(int position, boolean isCheck) {
                listCheck.set(position, isCheck);
            }
        });
    }

  private void deleteRemindItem(int position, CalendarEvent calendarEvent) {
    CalendarOperate.getInstance().deleteCalendar(calendarEvent);
    CalendarUtil.cancelCalendarEvent(getActivity(), calendarEvent.getId());
    //calendarEventList.clear();
    //calendarAdapter.notifyItemRemoved(position);
}

    /**
     * 控制RecyclerView的间隔
     */
    class SpaceItemDecoration extends RecyclerView.ItemDecoration {
        int mSpace;

        @Override
        public void getItemOffsets(Rect outRect, View view, RecyclerView parent, RecyclerView.State state) {
            super.getItemOffsets(outRect, view, parent, state);
            outRect.left = mSpace;
            outRect.right = mSpace;
            outRect.bottom = mSpace;
            if (parent.getChildAdapterPosition(view) == 0) {
                outRect.top = mSpace;
            }
        }

        public SpaceItemDecoration(int space) {
            this.mSpace = space;
        }
    }
}

event_list_item.xml:

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="108dp"
    android:id="@+id/calendar_item"
    android:background="@drawable/circle_rectangle_listview">

    <CheckBox
        android:id="@+id/cb_event"
        android:layout_width="40dp"
        android:layout_height="40dp"
        android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:layout_marginBottom="32dp"
        android:layout_marginEnd="94dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="32dp"
        style="@style/MyCheckboxStyle"/>

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/tv_event"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/cb_event"
        android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
        android:layout_marginStart="92dp"
        android:layout_marginTop="24dp"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:text="给爸爸打电话"
        android:textColor="@color/white"
        android:textSize="28sp" />
</RelativeLayout>

MyCheckboxStyle:

<style name="MyCheckboxStyle" parent="@android:style/Widget.CompoundButton.CheckBox">
        <item name="android:button">@drawable/checkbox_style</item>
</style>

checkbox_style.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<selector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/checkbox_checked" android:state_checked="true"/>
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/checkbox_normal" android:state_checked="false"/>
    <item android:drawable="@drawable/checkbox_normal"/>
</selector>