Flutter系列学习笔记
- Flutter笔记——handleDrawFrame帧绘制系列之一(源码学习)
- Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)
- Flutter笔记——State.setState发生了什么(源码学习)
- 用Dart写的身份证号校验代码(可用于flutter项目)
- HelloDart-构造函数特性
- HelloDart-MixIn,土话记录多继承机制
- Flutter笔记——MethodChannel(Native&Flutter数据交互)
- Flutter笔记——FlutterActivity
前言
前两篇文章Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)和Flutter笔记——State.setState发生了什么学习了Flutter中runApp()
、修改UI元素State.setState()
过程。
这篇文章主要学习的是Flutter中实际渲染UI的过程。
1 BaseBinding
BaseBinding
系列是FlutterFramework的核心类,学习Flutter的UI渲染过程会涉及到WidgetsBinding
、RenderBinding
、SchedulerBinding
等。由于Dart的mixIn菱形继承语法,该部分比较难搞明白,只能从局部入手,抽丝剥茧般的去学习理解整体流程。
1.1 handleDrawFrame
在我的Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)文章中,了解到WidgetsFlutterBinding.scheduleWarmUpFrame()
函数用于调度展示一个预热帧。而WidgetsFlutterBinding.scheduleAttachRootWidget(Widget rootWidget)
函数使用Timer包裹,作为一个异步执行函数,在它执行完毕之时最终会调用WidgetsBinding.handleDrawFrame()
函数绘制帧。
那么handleDrawFrame()
函数到底发生了什么?
mixin WidgetsBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, RendererBinding, SemanticsBinding {
void handleDrawFrame() {
assert(_schedulerPhase == SchedulerPhase.midFrameMicrotasks);
Timeline.finishSync(); // end the "Animate" phase
try {
// PERSISTENT FRAME CALLBACKS
_schedulerPhase = SchedulerPhase.persistentCallbacks;
for (FrameCallback callback in _persistentCallbacks)
_invokeFrameCallback(callback, _currentFrameTimeStamp);
// POST-FRAME CALLBACKS
_schedulerPhase = SchedulerPhase.postFrameCallbacks;
final List<FrameCallback> localPostFrameCallbacks =
List<FrameCallback>.from(_postFrameCallbacks);
_postFrameCallbacks.clear();
for (FrameCallback callback in localPostFrameCallbacks)
_invokeFrameCallback(callback, _currentFrameTimeStamp);
} finally {
_schedulerPhase = SchedulerPhase.idle;
Timeline.finishSync(); // end the Frame
assert(() {
if (debugPrintEndFrameBanner)
debugPrint('▀' * _debugBanner.length);
_debugBanner = null;
return true;
}());
_currentFrameTimeStamp = null;
}
}
}
首先学习WidgetsBinding
类,见注释
Scheduler for running the following:
- Transient callbacks, triggered by the system's [Window.onBeginFrame] callback, for synchronizing the application's behavior to the system's display. For example, [Ticker]s and [AnimationController]s trigger from these.
- Persistent callbacks, triggered by the system's [Window.onDrawFrame] callback, for updating the system's display after transient callbacks have executed. For example, the rendering layer uses this to drive its rendering pipeline.
- Post-frame callbacks, which are run after persistent callbacks, just before returning from the [Window.onDrawFrame] callback.
- Non-rendering tasks, to be run between frames. These are given a priority and are executed in priority order according to a [schedulingStrategy]
简单理解下,该类主要作用就是调度帧渲染任务,当然也可以运行非渲染任务。主要是瞬间渲染、持久渲染与渲染回调任务等,例如持久的帧渲染监听注册WidgetsBinding.instance.addPersistentFrameCallback(callback)
就是该类的作用了。
回到handleDrawFrame()
函数,这里面循环执行SchedulerBinding._persistentCallbacks
与SchedulerBinding._postFrameCallbacks
的注册回调之外,好像没做其他事情哦?那么线索断了吗?
1.2 initInstances
这里吐槽下mixIn菱形继承,这个语法特性真的香吗?
这里把眼光回到BaseBinding
系列的初始化函数中,我们可以在RendererBinding.initInstances()
函数中,找到SchedulerBinding.addPersistentFrameCallback(FrameCallback callback)
函数的调用,这意味着在RendererBinding.initInstances()
初始化阶段,已经注册了一个关键函数,噔噔瞪,见下面源码
mixin RendererBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, SemanticsBinding, HitTestable {
@override
void initInstances() {
super.initInstances();
_instance = this;
_pipelineOwner = PipelineOwner(
onNeedVisualUpdate: ensureVisualUpdate,
onSemanticsOwnerCreated: _handleSemanticsOwnerCreated,
onSemanticsOwnerDisposed: _handleSemanticsOwnerDisposed,
);
window
..onMetricsChanged = handleMetricsChanged
..onTextScaleFactorChanged = handleTextScaleFactorChanged
..onPlatformBrightnessChanged = handlePlatformBrightnessChanged
..onSemanticsEnabledChanged = _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged
..onSemanticsAction = _handleSemanticsAction;
initRenderView();
_handleSemanticsEnabledChanged();
assert(renderView != null);
//重点
addPersistentFrameCallback(_handlePersistentFrameCallback);
initMouseTracker();
}
//重点
void _handlePersistentFrameCallback(Duration timeStamp) {
drawFrame();
}
}
我们可以看到,在SchedulerBinding._persistentCallbacks
已经注册了drawFrame
函数回调,到了这里handleDrawFrame
渲染帧的线索又接上了,接着往下看。
1.3 drawFrame
drawFrame()
函数有2处实现(有一处Test环境,忽略),并且都被WidgetsFlutterBinding
继承,这个mixIn真的香吗?
mixin RendererBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, SemanticsBinding, HitTestable {
void drawFrame() {
assert(renderView != null);
pipelineOwner.flushLayout();
pipelineOwner.flushCompositingBits();
pipelineOwner.flushPaint();
renderView.compositeFrame(); // this sends the bits to the GPU
pipelineOwner.flushSemantics(); // this also sends the semantics to the OS.
}
}
mixin WidgetsBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, RendererBinding, SemanticsBinding {
@override
void drawFrame() {
assert(!debugBuildingDirtyElements);
assert(() {
debugBuildingDirtyElements = true;
return true;
}());
if (_needToReportFirstFrame && _reportFirstFrame) {
assert(!_firstFrameCompleter.isCompleted);
TimingsCallback firstFrameCallback;
firstFrameCallback = (List<FrameTiming> timings) {
if (!kReleaseMode) {
developer.Timeline.instantSync('Rasterized first useful frame');
developer.postEvent('Flutter.FirstFrame', <String, dynamic>{});
}
SchedulerBinding.instance.removeTimingsCallback(firstFrameCallback);
_firstFrameCompleter.complete();
};
SchedulerBinding.instance.addTimingsCallback(firstFrameCallback);
}
try {
if (renderViewElement != null)
buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement);
super.drawFrame();
buildOwner.finalizeTree();
} finally {
assert(() {
debugBuildingDirtyElements = false;
return true;
}());
}
if (!kReleaseMode) {
if (_needToReportFirstFrame && _reportFirstFrame) {
developer.Timeline.instantSync('Widgets built first useful frame');
}
}
_needToReportFirstFrame = false;
}
}
在1.2中,我们知道drawFrame
在每个handleDrawFrame
函数中都会被调用,我们的WidgetsFlutterBinding
继承自RendererBinding
和WidgetsBinding
,见下图的顺序看看drawFrame
到底发生了什么,再进行源码追踪
过程比较复杂,源码学习按照序列图中的顺序来
-
WidgetsBinding.drawFrame()
:该函数在每一次handleDrawFrame都会被调用,并且还会调用super.drawFrame
函数///伪代码 mixin WidgetsBinding ...{ ///忽略断言和调试部分代码 @override void drawFrame() { try { ///如果renderViewElement不为空,调用BuildOwner.buildScope函数,生成WidgetTree更新域 if (renderViewElement != null){ buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement); } //调用RenderBinding.drawFrame函数 super.drawFrame(); // buildOwner.finalizeTree(); } finally { assert(() { debugBuildingDirtyElements = false; return true; }()); } if (!kReleaseMode) { if (_needToReportFirstFrame && _reportFirstFrame) { developer.Timeline.instantSync('Widgets built first useful frame'); } } _needToReportFirstFrame = false; } }
-
buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement)
:这里的renderViewElement
是一个RenderObjectToWidgetElement<RenderBox>
对象,在runApp(Widget app)
函数中被初始化,不了解的请看我的这篇文章Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)。
buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement)
函数的作用是建立WidgetTree构建的域。///删除断言和callback相关代码 void buildScope(Element context, [ VoidCallback callback ]) { Timeline.startSync('Build', arguments: timelineWhitelistArguments); try{ _dirtyElements.sort(Element._sort); _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting = false; int dirtyCount = _dirtyElements.length; int index = 0; while (index < dirtyCount) { try { _dirtyElements[index].rebuild(); } catch (e, stack) { _debugReportException( ErrorDescription('while rebuilding dirty elements'), e, stack, informationCollector: () sync* { yield DiagnosticsDebugCreator(DebugCreator(_dirtyElements[index])); yield _dirtyElements[index].describeElement('The element being rebuilt at the time was index $index of $dirtyCount'); }, ); } index += 1; if (dirtyCount < _dirtyElements.length || _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting) { _dirtyElements.sort(Element._sort); _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting = false; dirtyCount = _dirtyElements.length; while (index > 0 && _dirtyElements[index - 1].dirty) { index -= 1; } } } } finally { for (Element element in _dirtyElements) { element._inDirtyList = false; } _dirtyElements.clear(); _scheduledFlushDirtyElements = false; _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting = null; Timeline.finishSync(); } }
-
_dirtyElements.sort(Element._sort)
:排列Element,根据Element
中的depth
值,depth
值是当期Element
所在树的层次整数。每个Element
的depth
值都大于ParentElement
的depth
值static int _sort(Element a, Element b) { if (a.depth < b.depth) return -1; if (b.depth < a.depth) return 1; if (b.dirty && !a.dirty) return -1; if (a.dirty && !b.dirty) return 1; return 0; }
-
_dirtyElements[index].rebuild()
:遍历_dirtyElements容器中的元素,调用它们的rebuild()
函数。 -
element.rebuild()
:这里以ComponentElement
作为示例,rebuild()
函数源码如下void rebuild() { ///删除很多断言和其他代码 performRebuild(); }
-
ComponentElement.performRebuild()
:在这里我们可以看到performRebuild()
函数会调用Element中的build()
函数,这对于我们应该是最熟悉的Flutter代码之一了。这里面的built = build()
有几个继承,StatefulWidget
通过createState()
函数生成State
,再通过State
的build():Widget
函数生成Widget。@override void performRebuild() { ///删除很多断言和其他代码 Widget built; try { built = build(); debugWidgetBuilderValue(widget, built); } catch (e, stack) { built = ErrorWidget.builder( _debugReportException( ErrorDescription('building $this'), e, stack, informationCollector: () sync* { yield DiagnosticsDebugCreator(DebugCreator(this)); }, ), ); } finally { _dirty = false; } try { _child = updateChild(_child, built, slot); assert(_child != null); } catch (e, stack) { built = ErrorWidget.builder( _debugReportException( ErrorDescription('building $this'), e, stack, informationCollector: () sync* { yield DiagnosticsDebugCreator(DebugCreator(this)); }, ), ); _child = updateChild(null, built, slot); } }
-
updateChild(Element child, Widget newWidget, dynamic newSlot)
:更新Element
中的Widget
对象,这里面有三个参数,第一个是之前的Widget
对象,也就是类对象child
。第二个是新生成的newWidget
对象,由build()
函数生成,第三个newSlot
是父Element给与子Element的位置参数,如果slot位置发生了变化,即使child
与newWidget
相同,也会重新渲染。@protected Element updateChild(Element child, Widget newWidget, dynamic newSlot) { if (newWidget == null) { if (child != null) deactivateChild(child); return null; } if (child != null) { if (child.widget == newWidget) { if (child.slot != newSlot) updateSlotForChild(child, newSlot); return child; } if (Widget.canUpdate(child.widget, newWidget)) { if (child.slot != newSlot) updateSlotForChild(child, newSlot); child.update(newWidget); assert(child.widget == newWidget); assert(() { child.owner._debugElementWasRebuilt(child); return true; }()); return child; } deactivateChild(child); assert(child._parent == null); } return inflateWidget(newWidget, newSlot); }
-
Element inflateWidget(Widget newWidget, dynamic newSlot)
:根据给定的Widget
和newSlot
生成一个Element,该方法通常由updateChild()
函数直接调用。如果该Widget
生成Element
已经存在或者存在相同的GlobalKey
将会复用。该函数还会调用Widget.canUpdate(Widget oldWidget, Widget newWidget)
来比较Widget对象是否相同。
该部分源码较长,在之后文章看是否记录学习,这里知道其作用即可。- 如果newWidget的key是
GlobalKey
,并且通过Element _retakeInactiveElement(GlobalKey key, Widget newWidget)
能拿回来一个Element,那么在更新状态与slot、配置之后便返回一个Element
。 - 不能从key中拿回已有的Element,会调用
Element newChild = newWidget.createElement()
生成一个新的newChild
,并挂载它newChild.mount(this, newSlot)
并返回。
- 如果newWidget的key是
-
super.drawFrame()
:也就是RenderBinding.drawFrame()
函数,该函数涉及知识点较多,下篇文章学习。它主要涉及到了RenderObject
、Rect
、PipelineOwner
等知识点。 -
buildOwner.finalizeTree()
:调用该函数来完成元素构建。
2 小结
- 本篇文章从预热帧
WidgetsFlutterBinding.scheduleWarmUpFrame()
函数入手,找到FlutterFramework渲染帧的过程函数handleDrawFrame()
,再通过BaseBinding
系列找到drawFrame()
的持久监听与回调来学习帧绘制的部分内容。 - 本文从
Element
的create
与update
中,也找到了State.setState
时,有些UI元素没有重绘的根本原因,也了解了key的作用。 -
BaseBinding
中的WidgetsBinding
、RenderBinding
、SchedulerBinding
等子类是FlutterFramework帧渲染的核心类。本文从drawFrame入手学习了部分内容,另外BuildOwner
全局管理类也要着重了解。 - 本文篇章有限,还有许多内容没有学习到,等下篇文章再着重学习
RenderBinding.drawFrame()
的作用,之后再做一个阶段性总结。
谢谢阅读,如有错误劳烦指出纠正,十分感谢,新春快乐哦!