161. Creativity consists of blending two discordant knowledge networks.
discordant 不一致的; 不和的; 不调和的; 不谐和的;
162. The brain doesn't multitask well. It needs to get into a coherent flow, with one network of firings leading coherently to the next.
163. He was hopping from one fact to another, but had found no overall scheme with which to organize them.
scheme ~ (for doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) (BrE) 计划；方案；体系；体制
a plan or system for doing or organizing sth
164. He had vague, hard-to-explain sense that he was heading in the right direction, but it would take many delays and much circling around until a solution popped into his head.
circling around 绕圈子，盘旋
165. When the brain is devoting serious attention to one thing, then other areas, like visual cortex or the sensory regions, go dark.
166. There's a controversy among scientists about what sleep accomplishes, but many researchers believe that during sleep the brain consolidates memories, organizes the things that have been learned that day, and reinforces the changes in the brain that have been ushered in by the previous day's activity.
controversy 争论，辩论
167. Sleep improves memory by at least 15 percent.
168. Thumos was the desire for recognition, the desire to have people recognize your existence, not only now but for all time. Thumos included the desire for eternal fame - to attract admiration and to be worthy of admiration in a way that was deeper than mere celebrity.
169. He made connections he had never made before and mixed together old information in new ways.
170. Guided him through a method that had him surfing in and out of his unconscious processes to work together - first mastering core knowledge, then letting that knowledge marinated playfully in his mind, then willfully trying to impose order on it, then allowing the mind to consolidate and merge data, then returning and returning until some magical insight popped into his consciousness, and then riding that insight to a finished product.
The wish to impose order on confusion is a kind of intellectual instinct 想在混乱中理出头绪是一种知性本能。
171. The process was not easy, but each ounce of effort and each moment of frustration and struggle pushed the internal construction project another little step.
172. This would be his method for escaping passive institutional learning.
173. They put on a mask of apathy to disguise their nervousness.
apathy 冷淡; 漠然; 无动于衷; 无兴趣;
disguise 伪装
174. Her mom didn't scold her.
175. Lack of money changed culture, and self-destructive culture led to lack of money. The mental and material feedback loops led to distinct psychological states.
176. Some had lower aspirations or no aspirations at all. Some had lost faith in their ability to control their own destinies. Some made inexplicable decisions that they knew would have terrible long-term consequences, but they made them anyway.
inexplicable 莫名其妙的; 费解的; 无法解释的
aspiration 志向、抱负
177. Many of them were exhausted all the time from work and stress. Many lived on edge, coping with one crisis after another.
live on edge 活在刀刃上
178. Educated-class: Parents are deeply involved in all aspects of their children's lives. They make concerted efforts to provide a constant stream of learning experiences.
179. How to perform before large audiences, how to look people in the eye and make a good impression.
180. Their leisure time was less organized.
181. The lower-class mode has many virtues, but it does not prepare children as well for the modern economy. In the first place, it dose not cultivate advanced verbal abilities.
virtue 价值、长处
182. By the time they are four, children raised in poor families have heard 32 million fewer words than children raised in professional families.
183. Erica heard nearly as many discouraging statements as encouraging ones.
184. They were constantly explaining to him why they had made certain decisions and imposed certain restrictions, and Harold felt free to argue with them and offer reasons why they were wrong.
185. He didn't actually have to learn the rules of the language. He just went with whatever answer sounded best. These differences in verbal environment have been linked to differences in IQ scores and academic achievement.
186. In short Harold's parents didn't just give him money. They passed down habits, knowledge, and cognitive traits. Harold was part of a hereditary meritocratic class that reinforces itself through genes and strenuous cultivation generation after generation.
hereditary [həˈredɪteri] meritocratic class 世袭精英阶层
strenuous [ˈstrɛnjuəs] 奋发的; 费力的
187. Erica didn't have most of these invisible advantages. She lived in a much more disrupted world. Stress-hormone levels are higher in poor children than in middle-class children. This affects a variety of cognitive systems, including memory, pattern awareness, cognitive control, and verbal facility.
verbal facility 口头表达能力
188. Animals raised without a father present were slower to develop neural connections than those raised with a father present, and as a result have less impulse control. It is not only a shortage of money and opportunity. Poverty and family disruption can alter the uncounscious - the way people perceive and understand the future and their world.
189. As Nobel Prize-Winning economist Jame J. Heckman had found, 50 percent of lifetime-earning inequality is determined by factors present in the life of a person by age eighteen.
190. Most of the differences have to do with unconscious skills. The gaps open up fast.
