这一段中，我们主要学习一个语法知识：独立结构。这两句话中都用到了独立结构：

At the end of class they bow low to an image of Confucius,hands clasped as if in prayer.

China is undergoing a cultural renaissance,much of it government-sponsored.

如果我写可能会写成：China is undergoing a cultural renaissance,much of which is government-sponsored.不是很利索。

独立结构之所以被称为“独立”，是因为它有自己的主语，而且这个主语和主句的主语不一样；称它为“结构”，而不是“句子”，是因为它并不是一个句子，它并没有谓语动词。

独立主格的基本形式是：主语+非谓语动词/形容词。主要功能是用来修饰整个句子，也就是我们常说的作“状语”。

一起来看一道GMAT语法题：

Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War, Horace, Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left.