Transcriptomic mRNA data (T) of all parent lines were gathered as detailed by Westhues et al. (2017). Briefly, (Schrag et al., 2018)

Data collection, sample processing and data analysis followed phytosociological methods as described in Dierschke (1994). (Walentowski et al., 2017)【数据收集、样品处理和数据分析如前所述】

Genetic values of the clones estimated from the genetic models (as described in the Phenotypic Data Analysis section) were used as pseudo-phenotypes. (Xiong et al., 2016)

The results of FP621 are remarkably similar to the results found in a previous study of an A. nordmanniana CSO with 13 clones in Denmark (Hansen and Kjaer, 2006). (Hansen, 2008)

For this study we preferably selected those genes that were also positional candidates that collocated with coldhardiness QTL in a previous study (Wheeler et al. (Krutovsky, Neale, 2005)

By using our method and a linkage map constructed in a previous study, we successfully identify several QTL affecting winter hardiness in bivalent tetraploid alfalfa. (Ma et al., 2002)

This approach was described previously by Meuwissen et al. 11 and termed SNP-BLUP. (Gamal El-Dien et al., 2015)

Cytological validation with fluorescence in situ hybridization Pachytene chromosome preparations and slide treatment were performed as described previously 24,54. (Wei et al., 2014)

Plants were phenotyped for rust in a greenhouse experiment that followed a randomized complete block design, with three repetitions, as described previously (Resende et al., 2012a). (de Almeida Filho et al., 2016)

The detailed solution was described in their article. (Takeda et al., 2008)

All macaques in the population were individually identified by methods described in Dittus and Thorington 1981. (Cheverud, Dittus, 1992)

Such operations in the animal breeding context are described in Mrode (2014) and Misztal (2014), and are typically based on Henderson's mixed model equations (MME). (Misztal, Legarra, 2017)

Quality control procedures followed those described in Badke et al (2012). (Ou et al., 2016)

To estimate nucleotide diversity (measured as Watterson's h) from the aligned short-read data, we used a modification of the approach described in Hellmann et al (2008). (Sackton et al., 2009)

The genotypes program is further described in Catchen et al 2011. (Catchen et al., 2013)

Sequencing library construction followed the protocol described in Bergland et al (2014). (Machado et al., 2016)

Details of the use of canonical correlation for QTL mapping are described in Leamy et al (1999) and are only described briefly herein. (MUTIC, WOLF, 2007)

(see Norman et al, 2017, for further details)