一、正则表达式

引例：

import re
# 从字符串中提取出手机号和邮箱
str1 = '你好，我是xxx我的手机号码是：12345678901，邮箱-12345634@qq.com...'

phone = re.findall(r'\d{11}', str1)
print(phone)
email = re.findall(r'\d+@\w+\.\w+', str1)
print(email)

0.re.fullmatch

fullmatch(正则表达式, 字符串) —— 查看字符串和正则表达式是否匹配，如果不匹配结果是None

正则表达式：r'正则语法'

1.什么是正则表达式

正则表达式是处理字符串的工具，通过不同的正则符号来描述字符串的规则

2.正则符号（正则表达式的语法）

匹配符号

1）普通字符：除了在正则中有特殊功能和意义的符号以外的字符都是普通字符

• 普通字符代表字符本身

from re import fullmatch
# 匹配一个字符串有三个字符，分别是'a', 'b', 'c'
re_str = r'abc'
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'abc')
print(result)
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'ab')
print(result)
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'abcd')
print(result)

2）. —— 匹配任意一个字符

• 一个.只能匹配一个字符

from re import fullmatch
# 匹配一个字符串长度是8，前三个字符是abc，后三个字符是123，中间是两个任意字符
re_str = r'abc..123'
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'abcdd123')
print(result)

3）\w —— 匹配一个数字、字母或者_（在ASCII码表中）

• 一个\w只能匹配一个字符串

from re import fullmatch
# 匹配一个长度是4的字符串，第一个字符是数字、字母或者_，后面三个字符是'abc'
re_str = r'\wabc'
result = fullmatch(re_str, '2abc')
print(result)

4）\d —— 匹配任意一个数字字符

from re import fullmatch
# 匹配一个长度是5的字符串，前两个字符是任意数字，后面三个是任意字符
re_str = r'\d\d...'
result = fullmatch(re_str, '23has')
print(result)

5）\s —— 匹配任意一个空白字符

• 空白字符包括：空格字符、换行字符、制表符等等

from re import fullmatch
re_str = r'how\sare!'
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'how are!')
print(result)
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'how\tare!')
print(result)
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'how\nare!')
print(result)

6）\W、\D、\S

\D —— 匹配除了数字字符以外的任意字符（匹配一个非数字字符）
\S —— 匹配一个非空白字符

from re import fullmatch
re_str = r'\Dabc\S'
result = fullmatch(re_str, 'aabc2')
print(result)

7）[字符集] —— 匹配字符集中出现的任意一个字符

注意：一个[]只能匹配一个字符

a.

[多个字符] - 例如：[abc]
[abc] - 匹配abc中任意一个字符
[a123] - 匹配a123中任意一个字符
[\d\s] - 匹配任意一个数字字符或空白字符

b.

[1-9]  - 匹配一个字符是1到9中的任意一个字符（字符编码值递增）
[a-z] - 匹配任意一个小写字母
[A-Z] - 匹配任意一个大写字母
[A-Za-z] - 匹配任意一个字母
[A-Za-z\d_] / [A-Za-z0-9_] - 匹配任意一个字母数字或者下划线 
[ \t\n] - 匹配任意一个空白字符
[\u4e00-\u9fa5] - 匹配任意一个中文字符
"""
# 匹配一个长度是4的字符串，第一个字符是1或者3或者7，后面是abc
re_str = r'[137]abc'
result = fullmatch(re_str, '3abc')
print(result)

re_str = r'[!-&]123'
print(fullmatch(re_str, '#123'))

re_str = r'[A-Za-z\d_]123'
print(fullmatch(re_str, 'a123'))

# print(fullmatch(r'[z-a]', 'a'))
# re.error: bad character range z-a at position

8）[^字符集] —— 匹配不在字符集中的任意一个字符

[^abc] - 匹配任意一个不是a、b、c的字符
[^2-8] - 匹配任意一个不是2到8的字符
[^\u4e00-\u9fa5] - 匹配任意一个非中文的字符

from re import fullmatch
re_str = r'[^2-8]abc'
print(fullmatch(re_str, '8abc'))
print(fullmatch(re_str, '9abc'))

检测符号

所有的检测符号都不会影响字符串的长度

1）\b —— 检查是否是单词边界

• 单词边界 —— 能够将两个单词隔开并且不会产生歧义的任意符号；空白字符、标点符号、字符串开头和字符串结尾how are、how-are
• 匹配规则：先去掉\b对字符串进行匹配，如果匹配成功再检查\b所在的位置是否是单词边界

from re import fullmatch, search
# 匹配一个字符串长度是6，每个字符分别是abc123，并且要求abc和123之间是单词边界
re_str = r'abc\b123'
print(fullmatch(re_str, 'abc 123'))
print(fullmatch(re_str, 'abc123'))

re_str = r'abc,\b123'
print(fullmatch(re_str, 'abc,123'))
re_str = r'abc\b,123'
print(fullmatch(re_str, 'abc,123'))

re_str = r'\b[\u4e00-\u9fa5][\u4e00-9fa5]\b'
print(search(r'\d\d', 'sefcffrr67vrrr45cccfrr'))
print(search(r'\b\d\d\b', 'sefcffrr67vrrr45cccfrr'))
print(search(r'\b\d\d\b', 'sefcffrr67vrrr 45,cccfrr'))

2）^ —— 检查^所在的位置是否是字符串开头

注意：这儿的^是[]外面的

from re import fullmatch, search, findall
re_str = r'^\d\d\d'
print(fullmatch(re_str, '345'))
print(search(re_str, '123'))
print(search(re_str, 's123'))

re_str = r'\d\d\d'
print(fullmatch(re_str, '345'))
print(search(re_str, 'add452dxsf4783z2d1ffe2256f8f5222'))
print(findall(re_str, 'add452dxsf4783z2d1ffe2256f8f5222'))

3）$ —— 检查$所在的位置是否是字符串结尾

from re import fullmatch, search, findall
re_str = r'\d\d\d$'
print(fullmatch(re_str, '3345'))
print(search(re_str, 'add452dxsf4783z2d1ffe2256f8f5222'))
print(findall(re_str, 'add452dxsf4783z2d1ffe2256f8f5222'))

re_str = r'1[3-9]\d\d\d\d\d\d\d\d\d'

二、正则表达式（续）

匹配次数

控制次数的符号：字符符号

1. * —— 匹配0次或者多次 {0,}

"""
123a* - 123后面a出现0次或者多次，123，123a，123aaa，...
123\d* - 123后面出现0个或者多个任意数字字符，123，,1230,12312，...
123[mnxy9]* - 123, 123m, 123mn, 123mmn, 123mnxy9, 123999999, ....
"""

import re
re_str = r'abc0*123'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, 'abc123'))
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, 'abc000123'))

2. + —— 匹配1次或多次 {1,}

123a+ - 123a, 123aa, 123aaa, ...

import re
re_str = r'123[a-z]+'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123df'))
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123d124f14df'))  # None

3.? —— 匹配0次或1次 {0,1}

-?123 - 123 / -123

import re
re_str = r'_?abc'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '_abc'))

4.{}

"""
1）{N} - 匹配N次
a{3} - 匹配三个a，aaa
\d{3} - 匹配三个任意数字，345,344,000,101

2）{M,N} - 匹配M到N次（匹配至少M次最多N次）
3）{M,} - 匹配至少M次，123a{3,}: 123aaa, 123aaaaa, ...
4）{,N} - 匹配最多N次，123a{,3}: 123, 123a, 123aa, 123aaa
"""

import re
# 匹配电话号码
re_str = r'[3-9]\d{9}'
# 匹配密码：要求是6-12位的数字或者字母
re_str = r'[a-zA-Z0-9]{6,12}'
re_str = r'[a-zA-Z\d]{6,12}'

print(re.fullmatch(r'123a{2,4}', '123aa'))
print(re.fullmatch(r'123a{2,4}', '123a'))
print(re.fullmatch(r'123a{2,4}', '123aaaaa'))

5.贪婪和非贪婪

"""
在匹配次数不确定的时候，会出现贪婪和非贪婪两种情况；默认情况都是贪婪。

什么是贪婪：在能够匹配成功的前提下，匹配次数尽可能多

什么是非贪婪：在能够匹配成功的前提下，匹配次数尽可能少（在匹配次数后面加?）
*? 
+?
??
{M,N}?
{M,}?
{,N}?
"""

import re
re_str = r'a.+'
print(re.search(re_str, 'hsjsa==2-32'))
print(re.search(r'a\d{3,5}', '你好a12345690'))
print(re.search(r'a\d{3,5}b', '你好a12345690'))
print(re.search(r'a\d{3,5}', '你好a1234b5690'))
print(re.search(r'a\d{3,5}?', '你好a12345690'))

re_str = r'a.+b'
print(re.search(re_str, 'a123b123b123'))  # a123b123b
re_str = r'a.+?b'
print(re.search(re_str, 'a123b123b123'))  # a123b

练习：获取data文件中那么对应的值

import re
with open('data', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    content = f.read()
    names = re.findall(r'"name":"(.+?)"', content)
    print(names)

data文件

{"code":200,"msg":"成功!","data":[{"type":"10","text":"比撒贝宁更“气人”的人出现了！然而…","user_id":"19794323","name":"这又神马情况","screen_name":"这又神马情况","profile_image":"http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2018/09/14/5b9b1bf5d58ed_mini.jpg","created_at":"2018-09-29 22:04:02","create_time":null,"passtime":"2018-09-29 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蹦迪…… ​​​​","user_id":"22905319","name":"漫画屋","screen_name":"漫画屋","profile_image":"http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/20180810164555663560.jpg","created_at":"2018-11-03 20:00:02","create_time":null,"passtime":"2018-11-03 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分之

1.|

"""
正则1|正则2 - 先让正则1去匹配，如果匹配成功就成功，匹配失败再让正则2去匹配；
            （正则1和正则2中只要有一个能匹配成功就行）
"""

re_str = r'abc|123'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, 'abc'))
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123'))

re_str = r'd{2,5}|[a-z]+123'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '23'))
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, 'as123'))

re_str = r'd{2,5}|[a-z]+123|[A-Z]'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, 'H'))

分组

1.() —— 将括号内的内容作为一个整体

1）整体操作

r'(\d\d|[A-Z]{2})abc' —— 匹配一个字符串后面是abc，前面是两个数字或者两个大写字母
r'([a-z]\d){3}' —— a8n7i8

2）分组
a.分组截取：方便后面分段或者分情况取不同匹配结果
b.分组重复：在正则中用\X来重复前面第X个分组匹配到的内容

**注意：\X的前面必须有这个分组

import re
re_str = r'(\d{3})([a-z]{3})'
print(re.findall(re_str, '是嗯908就是112sdd345rrf1数独www你说句话'))
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '344hsj'))

re_str = r'(\d{3})[a-z]{3}'
print(re.findall(re_str, '是嗯908就是112sdd345rrf1数独www你说句话'))
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '344hsj'))

# 分组重复
# 234hjk234, 112hjk112
re_str = r'(\d{3})[a-z]{3}\1'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '112ssf112'))

练习1：写一个正则表达式匹配一个字符串：abc的前面是两个数字或者两个大写字母

import re
# 23abc, KJabc
re_str = r'(\d{2}|[A-Z]{2})abc'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '11abc'))
re_str = r'(\d|[A-Z]){2}abc'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '11abc'))

转义字符

1.加\

在正则中有特殊功能和特殊意义的符号前加\，让这个符号的特殊功能和特殊意义消失

import re
re_str = r'\d{3}\.[a-z]{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '234.vbf'))
re_str = r'a\+\d{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, 'a+234'))
re_str = r'\\d\\b'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '\\d\\b'))
re_str = r'\\w'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '\\w'))

2.加[]

在[]中有特殊意义的符号：a. ^放在最开头 b.-放在两个字符之间
其他符号包括：. + ? $，这个单独的符号在[]中都表示这个符号本身

import re
re_str = r'\d{3}[.][a-z]{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123.hsx'))

re_str = r'\d{3}[a+][a-z]{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123+hjs'))

re_str = r'\d{3}[-a+^]][a-z]{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123+]hjs'))

re_str = r'\d{3}[-a+^\]][a-z]{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '123+hjs'))

三、re模块

re模块是python提供的，专门针对正则表达式应用的相关函数

1.re.compile(正则表达式) -> 将正则表达式转换成正则对象

import re

re_obj = re.compile(r'\d{3}')

re.fullmatch(r'\d{3}', '347')
re.findall(r'\d{3}', 'asjhf234ddsee1233')
re_obj.fullmatch('234')
re_obj.fullmatch('asx345cfewr123c23442')

2.字符串匹配

"""
re.fullmatch(正则表达式, 字符串) - 让正则表达式和字符串完全匹配
re.match(正则表达式, 字符串) - 匹配字符串开头

以上两个方法的结果：匹配失败结果是None，匹配成功会返回匹配对象
"""

import re

re_str = r'\d{3}'
print(re.fullmatch(re_str, '342'))  # <re.Match object; span=(0, 3), match='342'>
print(re.match(re_str, '234dfrxcr'))  # <re.Match object; span=(0, 3), match='234'>

1）匹配对象

import re

result = re.fullmatch(r'\d{3}=[a-z]{2}', '234=am')
print(result)
print(result.group())
print(result.group(0))

result = re.fullmatch(r'(\d{3})=([a-z]{2})', '234=am')
print(result)
print(result.group(1))
print(result.group(2))

a.获取匹配到的字符串

"""
匹配对象.group() - 获取整个正则表达式匹配到的字符串，结果是字符串
匹配对象.group(N) - 获取整个正则表达式中第N个分组匹配到的字符串
"""

b.获取匹配到的字符串在原字符串中的位置信息

"""
匹配对象.span() - 返回匹配结果在原字符串中的下标范围：[开始下标, 结束下标)
匹配对象.span(N) - 返回第N个分组匹配到的结果在原字符串中的范围
"""

import re

result = re.match(r'(\d{3})=([a-z]{2})', '234=am')
print(result)
print(result.span())
print(result.span(1), result.span(2))
start, end = result.span(1)
print(start, end)

c.获取原字符串
匹配对象.string

3.查找

"""
1）re.search(正则表达式, 字符串) - 在字符串中查找第一个满足正则表达式的子串，如果找到了结果是匹配对象，找不到结果是None

2）re.findall(正则表达式, 字符串) - 获取字符串中所有满足正则表达式的字串；返回值是一个列表
注意：如果正则表达式中有分组，列表中的匹配结果只会取分组中匹配到的内容

3）re.finditer(正则表达式, 字符串) - 获取字符串中所有满足正则表达式的字串；返回值是一个迭代器，元素是匹配对象
"""

import re

result = re.search(r'\d{3}', 'sssx2313xdce231')
print(result)

result = re.findall(r'\d{3}[a-z]{2}', '实现234hd就使用234js介绍好好238css')
print(result)  # ['234hd', '234js', '238cs']

result = re.findall(r'(\d{3})[a-z]{2}', '实现234hd就使用234js介绍好好238css')
print(result)  # ['234', '234', '238']

result = re.findall(r'(\d{3})([a-z]{2})', '实现234hd就使用234js介绍好好238css')
print(result)  # [('234', 'hd'), ('234', 'js'), ('238', 'cs')]

result = re.findall(r'(([A-Z]{2}|\+)\d{2})', 'AS54数SW77和核工+86业12四季花海')
print(result)

result = re.finditer(r'([A-Z]{2}|\+)(\d{2})', 'AS54数SW12和核+45工业+12四季LK45花海')
group = []
group1 = []
group2 = []
for x in result:
    group.append(x.group())
    group1.append(x.group(1))
    group2.append(x.group(2))
print(group)
print(group1)
print(group2)

4.切割

re.split(正则表达式, 字符串) —— 将字符串中满足正则表达式的子串作为切割点进行切割；返回一个字符串列表

import re

result = re.split(r'\d+', '塞内加尔45dffsx书法家和人457644755上赛季和')
print(result)

5.替换

re.sub(正则表达式, 字符串1, 字符串2) —— 将字符串2中所有满足正则表达式的子串都替换成字符串1；返回一个字符串

import re


message = input('评论：')
new_message = re.sub(r'fuck', '*', message, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
print(new_message)