★★★★Spatial Relations & Needs 空间关系& 需要
space(n.)空间 → Spatial(adj.) 空间的 → Chinese-US relations 中美关系
need … to do … 需要某物做某事，to do在这里是不定式，表目的
The man in the middle is the heaviest. 中间的那个人最重 86
The man in the middle is heavier than the other two. 中间的那个人比另外两个重90
heavy(a.)重的 → 比较级 heavier → 最高级 heaviest
The woman on the left is smarter than the man on the right. 左边的女人比右边的男人聪明. 90
The man isn't as smart as the woman is. 男人不如女人聪明 83
smart(a.)聪明的 → 比较级 smarter → 最高级 smartest
as…as 像…一样 ； not as…as 不如
The woman is standing under a bridge. 那位妇女正站在桥下 85
The bridge is above the woman.桥在那个女人的上方
under 在…下方
lie(v.) 躺 + ing → lying
【习语】：water under the bridge 桥下流水
above 在…上方
→ e.g. The plane is flying above the clouds. 飞机在云层上面飞行
He lives on the floor above us. 他住在我们楼上
There is a bridge over the river/ˈrɪvər/.河上有一座桥
The river is flowing beneath/bɪˈniːθ/the bridge. 河水从桥下流过77
over 在…上面，与above 是近义词，很多时候可相互替换
→ e.g. The plane is flying over the clouds.
【词义辨析】over 和 above 不能互换的情况：两样东西有实际接触只能用 over ，不能用 above
→ e.g. I put a blanket over the sleeping child. 我在睡着的孩子身上放了个毯子
I pour some cream over the cake.我在蛋糕上倒了一点奶油
beneath 在…下方 和 under 意思相近，但beneath 更常出现在写作的文中
flow（液体、气体或者电流）流动 → e.g. The blood flows through the heart. 血液通过心脏流动
The water/ˈwɔːtər/is flowing over a waterfall.水流过瀑布 75
The waterfall is very high and beautiful. 瀑布很高，很漂亮
waterfall 瀑布 ； fall 坠落、落下，瀑布 → Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉大瀑布
People need passports totravel internationally. 人们需要护照才能进行国际旅行86
Without a passport, you cannot leave your country or enter another country. 没有护照，你不能离开你的国家或进入另一个国家 83
Without 没有（可用于假设）
→ e.g. Fish cannot live without water. 鱼没有水不能生存
I can't do it without your help. 没有你的帮忙，我不可能做成这件事
You need a driver's license to drive a car.你需要驾照才能开车 84
It is against the law(法律) to drive without a driver's license. 没有驾照开车是违法的 85
driver's license = driving license 驾照
license 执照，许可证 → fishing license 钓鱼执照 → e.g. You need a fishing license to fish in this river.
against 反对，与…相反 → against the law 违法 → e.g. It is against the law to drive under the influence of alcohol. 酒驾是违法的
Driving Under the Inflience（DUI） 受影响驾驶（酒驾）
Many people use credit cards to buy thingson credit(赊购). 许多人用信用卡赊购东西 91
When you have a credit card, you don't need to carry cash. 当你有信用卡时，你不需要携带现金 87
credit card 信用卡 ； on credit = buy now - pay later 赊购，赊欠 → e.g. We bought the car on credit. 我们赊账购买的那辆车
do not need to do sth. 不需要做某事
→ e.g. You don't need to pay cash , you can buy it on credit. 你不必付现金，你可以用信用卡赊账
He does'n need to get up early tomorrow morning. 他明天早上不必早起
Smart phones are very useful and can do many things.智能手机非常有用，可以做很多事情
You can use them to make phone calls, play games or go shopping on the Internet. 你可以用它们打电话，玩游戏或在网上购物
useful(a.) 有用的→ ues sth. to do sth. 使用某物做某事
We need to buy tickets in order to take a train or watch a sports event/ɪˈvent/.我们需要买票才能坐火车或看体育比赛 76
You can oftenbuy tickets online(网上买票), and sometimes you canget a discount(获得折扣).你可以经常在网上买到票，有些东西你可以打折
in order to do 为了…，以便→ e.g. In order to catch the first bus，we need to do early tomorrow. 我们明天得早起以便赶上第一趟公交车
否定形式：in order not to do → e.g. I got up early not to be late. 为了不迟到，我起了个大早
-Can I get a discount? 能打折吗？
-Yes , I think I can give you a 10% discount. 我可以给你打九折
