工作与面试中经常会遇到Java常见的加锁方法，本文着重介绍synchronized与ReentrantLock的区别。
① 底层实现上来说，synchronized 是JVM层面的锁，是Java关键字，通过monitor对象来完成（monitorenter与monitorexit），对象只有在同步块或同步方法中才能调用wait/notify方法，ReentrantLock 是从jdk1.5以来（java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock）提供的API层面的锁。
synchronized 的实现涉及到锁的升级，具体为无锁、偏向锁、自旋锁、向OS申请重量级锁，ReentrantLock实现则是通过利用CAS（CompareAndSwap）自旋机制保证线程操作的原子性和volatile保证数据可见性以实现锁的功能。
synchronized (new Object()){
}
new ReentrantLock();
使用javap -c对如上代码进行反编译得到如下代码：
② 是否可手动释放：
synchronized 不需要用户去手动释放锁，synchronized 代码执行完后系统会自动让线程释放对锁的占用； ReentrantLock则需要用户去手动释放锁，如果没有手动释放锁，就可能导致死锁现象。一般通过lock()和unlock()方法配合try/finally语句块来完成，使用释放更加灵活。
private int number = 0;
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
private AtomicInteger atomicInteger;
public void increment() throws Exception {
lock.lock();
try {
while (number != 0) {
condition.await();
}
//do something
number++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
condition.signalAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
③ 是否可中断
synchronized是不可中断类型的锁，除非加锁的代码中出现异常或正常执行完成； ReentrantLock则可以中断，可通过trylock(long timeout,TimeUnit unit)设置超时方法或者将lockInterruptibly()放到代码块中，调用interrupt方法进行中断。
public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
}
public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
}
④ 是否公平锁
synchronized为非公平锁 ReentrantLock则即可以选公平锁也可以选非公平锁，通过构造方法new ReentrantLock时传入boolean值进行选择，为空默认false非公平锁，true为公平锁。
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
* This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
*/
public ReentrantLock() {
sync = new NonfairSync();
}
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
* given fairness policy.
*
* @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
*/
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
}
⑤ 锁是否可绑定条件Condition
synchronized不能绑定； ReentrantLock通过绑定Condition结合await()/singal()方法实现线程的精确唤醒，而不是像synchronized通过Object类的wait()/notify()/notifyAll()方法要么随机唤醒一个线程要么唤醒全部线程。
示例：用ReentrantLock绑定三个条件实现线程A打印一次1，线程B打印两次2，线程C打印三次3
class Resource {
private int number = 1;//A:1 B:2 C:3
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition c1 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c2 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c3 = lock.newCondition();
//1 判断
public void print1() {
lock.lock();
try {
//判断
while (number != 1) {
c1.await();
}
//2 do sth
for (int i = 1; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
}
//3 通知
number = 2;
c2.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
//1 判断
public void print2() {
lock.lock();
try {
//判断
while (number != 2) {
c2.await();
}
//2 do sth
for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
}
//3 通知
number = 3;
c3.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
//1 判断
public void print3() {
lock.lock();
try {
//判断
while (number != 3) {
c3.await();
}
//2 do sth
for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + number);
}
//3 通知
number = 1;
c1.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Resource resource = new Resource();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
resource.print1();
}
},"A").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
resource.print2();
}
},"B").start();
new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 1; i <= 2; i++) {
resource.print3();
}
},"C").start();
}
输出结果为：
A 1 B 2 B 2 C 3 C 3 C 3 A 1 B 2 B 2 C 3 C 3 C 3
⑥ 锁的对象
synchronzied锁的是对象，锁是保存在对象头里面的，根据对象头数据来标识是否有线程获得锁/争抢锁；ReentrantLock锁的是线程，根据进入的线程和int类型的state标识锁的获得/争抢
