函数的参数

位置参数

def power(x, n):
    s = 1
    while n > 0:
        n = n - 1
        s = s * x
    return s

默认参数

def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'):
    print('name:', name)
    print('gender:', gender)
    print('age:', age)
    print('city:', city)

>>> enroll('Sarah', 'F')
name: Sarah
gender: F
age: 6
city: Beijing

默认参数很有用，但使用不当，也会掉坑里。默认参数有个最大的坑，演示如下：
先定义一个函数，传入一个list，添加一个END再返回：

def add_end(L=[]):
    L.append('END')
    return L

>>> add_end()
['END']
>>> add_end()
['END', 'END']
>>> add_end()
['END', 'END', 'END']

定义默认参数要牢记一点：默认参数必须指向不变对象！

要修改上面的例子，我们可以用None这个不变对象来实现：

def add_end(L=None):
    if L is None:
        L = []
    L.append('END')
    return L

可变参数

def calc(*numbers):
    sum = 0
    for n in numbers:
        sum = sum + n * n
    return sum

>>> nums = [1, 2, 3]
>>> calc(*nums)
14

关键字参数

def person(name, age, **kw):
    print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw)

>>> person('Adam', 45, gender='M', job='Engineer')
name: Adam age: 45 other: {'gender': 'M', 'job': 'Engineer'}

>>> extra = {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}
>>> person('Jack', 24, **extra)
name: Jack age: 24 other: {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'}

**extra表示把extra这个dict的所有key-value用关键字参数传入到函数的**kw参数，kw将获得一个dict，注意kw获得的dict是extra的一份拷贝，对kw的改动不会影响到函数外的extra。

命名关键字参数

def person(name, age, *, city, job):
    print(name, age, city, job)

>>> person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', job='Engineer')
Jack 24 Beijing Engineer

如果函数定义中已经有了一个可变参数，后面跟着的命名关键字参数就不再需要一个特殊分隔符*了：

def person(name, age, *args, city, job):
    print(name, age, args, city, job)

命名关键字参数可以有缺省值，从而简化调用：

def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job):
    print(name, age, city, job)

>>> person('Jack', 24, job='Engineer')
Jack 24 Beijing Engineer

参数组合

def f1(a, b, c=0, *args, **kw):
    print('a =', a, 'b =', b, 'c =', c, 'args =', args, 'kw =', kw)

def f2(a, b, c=0, *, d, **kw):
    print('a =', a, 'b =', b, 'c =', c, 'd =', d, 'kw =', kw)

>>> args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> kw = {'d': 99, 'x': '#'}
>>> f1(*args, **kw)
a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 args = (4,) kw = {'d': 99, 'x': '#'}

>>> args = (1, 2, 3)
>>> kw = {'d': 88, 'x': '#'}
>>> f2(*args, **kw)
a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 d = 88 kw = {'x': '#'}