一、含义
状语从句指在复合句中将句子用作状语,起到副词的作用,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。
二、连接词
从属连词:引导的状语从句位置比较灵活,大多位于主句之前或之后皆可,位于主句之前时通常用逗号隔开。从引导状语从句的连词的意义来看,可分为引导时间、地点、条件、原因、比较、方式、结果、目的、让步。
时间状语从句
此类连词主要有:when, while, after(在...之后), before(在...之前), as, as soon as(一...就) , now(that), until, till, once, since,whenever, no sooner...than,hardly/barely/scarcely...when等。
every time, each time, next time, the last time, the moment,the minute,the instant,as soon as,by the time (到...为止),immediately,directly,instantly等,引导句子其作用相当于一个时间状语从句。
She felt a thrill the moment she got into the theatre.她一进剧场就感到一种激动。
Every time he got to Beijing, he came to see me.每次他来北京,他都来看我。
When I got to the theatre, I found that they had sold all the tickets.当到达剧院时,我发现票已售完。
We should strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。
Since he entered the university, he has made great progress in his studies.进入大学以来,他在学业上已经取得了很大进步。
They kept on working until/till it became dark.他们一直工作到天黑。(延续性动词)
Once you begin , you must go on. 你一旦开始,就必须继续下去。
You seem to have a ready-made answer, whenever I ask you a question.每逢我问你问题, 你总好象有现成的答案。
Now (that) you are here, you'd better stay.你既然来了,那就不要走了。
No sooner had they got to the field than it began to rain.他们刚到田里就开始下雨了。(半倒装,过去完成,过去式)
Hardly had he set foot on his native land when he felt comfortable.他一踏上祖国的土地就感到心情舒畅。(半倒装,过去完成,过去式)
时态:主将从现
注意点:
①当when引导一般疑问句,或者名词性从句的时候,从句用的最多的是一般过去时,主句的时态是没有限制的。
多数情况下,when从句用的都是一般过去时,不用正在进行时。
eg: When I got to the railway station, the train had left.
②when,while,as的用法:
一般情况下,这三者是可以换着用的。
但是,在这2中情况下,是不可以互换的:
第一种情况:从句谓语时瞬间动词时,不可以用as或者while,只能用when。而从句中的动词是延续性动词时,三者都可用。
常用的瞬间动词有open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等
第二种情况:as的从句一般很少使用进行时。
③since引导时间状语从句常用一般过去时,主句常用现在完成时。
(have/has done+since+did)
④当no sooner,hardly或scarcely位于句首时,主句应部分倒装(把had放在主句后面)
no sooner+had done+than+did从句
hardly/scarcely+had done+when+did从句
地点状语从句
从属连词:where(表特指),wherever(表泛指,抽象概念),everywhere,anywhere等。
You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你应当养成习惯,将东西放在你能找到的地方。
After the war, a new school building was put up where there once had been a theatre. 战后,在以前的剧院处建了一所新学校。
Leave her where she is. 把她留在原地。
You can take it with you wherever you go.你不论去哪里,都可随身携带它。
注意:如何区分where引导的是定语从句,还是状语从句?
引导定语从句时:where的前面有表示地点的先行词,where的作用是修饰先行词。
引导地点状语从句:where可以直接修饰主语的谓语动词。
eg: The shop where I bought this book is not far from home.
原因状语从句
连接词:because, for,as, since, now(that)(既然),seeing that(鉴于),considering that(鉴于),in that(由于,因为),on the ground that,for the reason that,by the reason that,for fear that等。
We couldn't cross the river because the water had risen.水已经上涨了,所以我们没能过河。
Since everyoneis here, let's begin.既然大家都来了,我们就开始吧。
I must stop writing now, as I have rather a lot of work to do.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做。
Now that you've got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 既然你有了这个机会,你可以充分的利用它了。
时态:一般情况下,原因状语从句中的动词时态是和主句中的保持一致的,主过从过,主现从现。
注意点
① because, since, as三者都有“因为”的意思,一般情况下可以互换,它们的语气由强至弱依次为:because→since→as
② 强调原因的时候,一般用because,它一般用来引出大家不知道的信息,一般放于主句后。
③ since(既然,由于)引导的从句一般指的是显而易见的,或者大家已经知道的原因。一般位于主句前。
④ as(因为)和since的所表达的意思基本一致,就是语气上更弱,没有since正式。一般位于主句前。
⑤for后面跟的是补充说明的理由,一般位于主语之后。
结果状语从句
引导词:
so that结果是,以致,所以;so…that…如此…以至于…;such…that…如此…以至于…;as a result
They were so pleased to see each other that they forgot everything else. 他们彼此见到面,高兴得把别的事情都忘记了。
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.天气非常寒冷, 以至于街上没有任何人。
It is so cold that all the water pipes have frozen.天太冷,所有的水管都冻住了。
注意点:
①so that既可以引导目的状语从句,又可以引导结果状语从句。
区别
引导目的状语从句(以便于...):
(1)从句常用can,could,may,might,will,would等情态动词;
(2)表示一种意欲或可能性;
(3)从句之前不用逗号。
引导结果状语从句:
(1)从句一般没有情态动词
(2)表示一种事实
(3)从句与主语之间往往用逗号隔开
注意:从句含情态动词的为目的状语从句
②so是副词,修饰形容词或副词;such是形容词,修饰名词。
条件状语从句
引导词:
①如果类
if(如果);in case(万一);unless=if…not…除非,如果…不…;on condition that如果,条件是
②假如类
Providing/provided(that);supposing;
③只要类
as/so long as(只要) ,only if
注意点
区别in case
①引导目的状语从句(虚拟语气)
意为“以防,以免”时,从句作用含有can,could,may等情态动词(虚拟语气--从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形)
②引导条件状语从句
意为“如果,万一”时,引导条件状语从句
让步状语从句
1)引导词
①虽然类
as尽管(用倒装结构),though虽然,although虽然,while
②even if/though即使
③疑问词+ever类
no matter how/what/where/when/which不管怎样/什么/何处/何时/哪个=however/whatever/wherever/whenever/whichever;whether…or not不管能否
Though my father is old,yet he wants to do something for our country.我爸虽然老了,可他还要为国家做点事。
Even if there are difficulties, we must do it well.即使有困难,我们也要把工作做好。
Young as I am,I know some of the family secrets.尽管我年龄小,我知道一些家庭秘密。
Nobody believed him no matter what he said.不管他说什么每人相信他。
Much as I have travelled,I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John. 虽然我去了很多地方,但是我从来没有见过像约翰这么能干的人。(强调形容词)
2)注意点:
①No matter how/however+形/副+主+谓/系(陈述句)
②倒装:as 引导的让步从句倒装可强调名/形/动/副,名词、形容词和副词的最高级提前时需要省略a/an/the
结构:被强调的部分+as+主+谓/系
though 引导让步状语从句时,可以倒装,也可以不用倒装
although 引导让步状语从句时,不可以倒装
③连用:though,although都不能和but连用,但可以与yet,still等连用。
方式状语从句
(1)引导词
as按照;(just)as…so正如…也;as if/though好像...似的;the way像…那样,用…的方法
as :正如,就像(一般位于句中)just as:一般位于句首
when in rome,do as the romans do.入乡随俗
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.当把铅笔一部分放到水里时,铅笔看上去就像断了。
We did as he told us. 我们照他叮嘱的做了。
He spoke as though he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。注意:以as if引导的状语从句,其谓语动词常用虚拟语气。与现在相反的情况用过去时,与过去相反的情况用过去完成时。
(2)注意点
区别as if/though
引导方式状语从句:
(1)可以用陈述语气,表示所说情况时事实或实现的可能性较大
(2)可以用虚拟语气,表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况
引导表语从句:
常跟在系动词look,sound,seem,appear等后面。
目的状语从句
(1)引导词
①为了类
so that为了,为的是,目的是,以便,in order that 为了,为的是,以便(两者其后常接情态动词)
②以防类
for fear that唯恐,生怕,以防;in case以免以防;lest 以免,生怕,以防(虚拟语气--从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形)
Ihurried so that I wouldn't be late for class. 为了上课不迟到我们赶紧走。
John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 约翰把大家关在厨房外边,是为了能够为晚会烹饪出人意料的饭菜。
比较状语从句
(1)引导词
as…as像…一样;not as/so…as不像…一样;not the same/such…as和…不一样;the+比较级,the+比较级,越…,就越…
than比;
John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 约翰踢足球和大维比如果不比他好的话,至少和他踢得一样好。
I think Chinese is more popular than any other subject.我想汉语比其他任何科目都更受欢迎。
Do you think that art is as interesting as music?你认为美术与音乐一样有趣吗?
倍数比较(比较级)
(1)“A+谓语+倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than+B”
(2)“A+谓语+倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B”
(3)“A+谓语+倍数+the size/length/height/width…+of+B”
as…as,than引导的比较状语从句
(1)常省略可主语相同的部分,只留下相比较的部分
(2)常用助动词或情态动词的某种形式代替与主语相同的谓语部分