1.定义：用作宾语的从句；引导宾语从句的关联词有从属连词，疑问代词，疑问副词等；

2. 引导词：

(1)定义：连接主句和从句的词；

(2)分类：连词，疑问代词，疑问副词；

 连词：只起连接作用，不作成分，包括that(无意思), if(是否)和whether(是否)；

 疑问代词：在从句中作主语，宾语或定语等成分；有what (事情或样子), which,who, whose等；

 疑问副词：在从句中作状语，有where, when, why, how等；

 疑问词：疑问代词和疑问副词统称为疑问词，关系词在从句中作成分。

3.宾语；

  (1)定义：动词和介词后面接的那个部分；

  (2)分类：

     动宾：动词后面接的部分；

    介宾：介词后面接的部分。

4.从属连词that引导的宾语从句：

 (1)that用来引导宾语从句，无意义，不作成分，只起连接作用；多数情况下可以省略；

     e.g. He assured me that he was able to do it.

           They promised (us) that they would respect our privacy.

           The teacher told us that we should always do our best.

(2)在decide, desire, demand, order, suggest等表示“决定，要求，命令，建议”等意义的动词之后，that从句中常用“should+动词原形”，或省略should，直接动词原形的虚拟语气；

  e.g.The teacher recommended that we (should) respect the novel.

        I move that a special committee (should) be formed for the matter.

(3)that引导宾语从句的其它几种情况：

①如果宾语后跟有补语，常用it作形式宾语，而将从句放到补语之后；

   e.g.They kept it quiet that he was dead.

          I heard it said that the meeting would be postponed.

②否定转移：当主句谓语动词为assume, believe, expect, guess, imagine, suppose, think”等表示“认为，猜想”等的动词时，其后的宾语从句如果带有否定意义，通常应将否定词前移至主句谓语上；

      e.g.I don’t imagine that I have met you before.

            I don’t think (that) she will succeed.

③注意：此类动词若主语为第一人称，变反意疑问句时，应该反问宾语从句中的谓语动词；而其它宾语的动词变反意疑问句时，则反问主句谓语动词;

  e.g.I don’t believe she knows it, does she?

④在非正式文体中，由that引导的宾语从句中，that常省略，但是如果有两个that从句同时作句子的宾语时，第二个that通常不能省略，以免引起异议;

  e.g. I understand (that) you have studied Chinese, and that you have written Chinese poetry.

        She denied(that) she had seen the man and that she had been in touch with the man.

⑤在由doubt, doubtful引导的宾语从句中，如果主句为肯定句，宾语从句的连接词常用whether,

if；在否定疑问句中，宾语从句的连接词要用that。

     e.g.I doubt whether he will be elected as chairman.

           I don’t doubt that he will pass the examination.

           I am doubtful whether I should tell the story to her.

5. wh-引导的宾语从句:

由连词who, which, whose, how, when, where, why, whether, if等引导的宾语从句，从句中谓语动词不能用倒装语序，只能使用陈述语序，并且连接词要放在宾语从句的主语之前。

  e.g.I wander what he is writing to me about.

        I will tell you why I was late for the meeting.

        Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how do you it.

6.介词后面跟的宾语从句:

(1)that通常不能跟在介词后面作宾语，但是在介词in, except, save, besides和but之后可以跟that从句，作为固定用法；in that(因为，在……方面)， except that(除了……)，but that(要不是……), save that(只是……), besides that(除了……);

  e.g.I like the city in that I have many friends here.

        He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless.

(2)that从句一般不可以直接用作介词宾语，但可跟在带有形式宾语it之后作介词的实际宾语；

  e.g.I’m counting on it that you will come.

       You may depend upon it that he will join our club.

(3)wh-宾语从句可直接跟在介词后面作宾语；

   e.g.I became aware of how he might feel.

7.If和whether引导的宾语从句中可以互换使用, 但以下情况只能用whether不能用if：

    (1)从句中有or not时;

    (2)有些动词（如discuss）后面只能跟whether;

    (3)从句充当介词宾语时;

    (4)连接词后接不定式时。

  e.g. He asked me (whether) if my brother was at home.

         It is a question of whether we should go.

8.形容词后面的宾语从句:

  e.g.She is confident that she will win the race.

9.宾语从句的时态：

 (1)若主句为一般现在时，从句的时态不受主句影响，该用什么时态用什么时态；

    e.g. Anne says that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.

           The boy says that he is using his computer now.

           Tom says he hasn’t heard from Mary since May.

           They say that they have seen her in the street.

           He says he has already finished his homework.

           Mary says he will do it after class.

(2)若主句为一般过去式，从句也要变为相对应的过去时；

   ①一般现在时转为一般过去时;

      e.g.Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.

   ②现在进行时变为过去进行时；

      e.g.The boy said that he was using his computer.

   ③现在完成时变为过去完成时;

    e.g.Tom said he hadn’t heard from Mary since May.

    ④一般过去时变为过去完成时;

      e.g.They said that they had seen her in the street.

    ⑤过去完成时不变;

      e.g.He said he had already finished his homework.

    ⑥一般将来时变为过去将来时;

     e.g.Mary said he would do it after class.

(3)注意：若宾语从句为客观真理，虽然主句为一般过去时，但从句只能用一般现在时。

 e.g. He said that light travels much faster than sound.

        Many people knew that the sun rises in the east and sets in the east.

10.专题练习：

(1) I wonder ___________ it is because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I have grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.

(2) Uncle Wang came up to see ____________ there was anything wrong with the machine.

(3) The shop keeper asked my father ________ or not he wanted to choose a big Christmas tree.

(4) I don’t know __________ to go or stay.

(5)Wang Hong told me _____ she was cooking at 6:00 yesterday morning.

(6) Our physical teacher said that light _____ (travel) faster than sound.

(7)—What did your son say in the letter?

    — He told me that he _____ (visit)the Disney the next day.

(8) Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know who it _____(be).

(9) —Could you tell me ___she is looking for?

    —Her cousin, Susan.

(10) Miss Green didn’t tell us _______she lived in 2002.

(11) I don’t know when the train________(leave).

(12) We are sure that he_____________ (go) to school tomorrow.

(13) Our father said that he ________(will) buy a new computer.

(14) I heard that he ________(swim) in the sea yesterday.

(15)I asked if he _______ (can) hike to the top of the mountain.

(16) I’m not sure whether there _____(be) some animals in the zoo.

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