1、rust 语言特点
- Rust 基于C++，理论上来说，它的速度与 C / C++ 同级
- Rust 被设计为保证内存和线程安全
- Rust 类似 C 或者 C++ 也是编译型的编程语言
- 与C/C++区别
- Rust是线程安全的
- Rust 不允许空指针和悬挂指针
- Rust主要用于高度安全和并发的软件系统
2、下载安装rust
1. 源码安装 rust
1. 下载rust源码
git clone
git clone https://github.com/rust-lang/rust.git
或者直接下载当前版本的源码压缩包
wget https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/archive/master.zip
2. rust源码编译的环境要求
-
g++4.7 or later orclang++3.x or later -
python2.7 (but not 3.x) - GNU
make3.81 or later -
cmake3.4.3 or later curlgit
3. 进入到rust源码目录编译
➜ rust ./x.py build && sudo ./x.py install
- ./x.py build 执行py脚本下载一些依赖文件
- sudo ./x.py install 执行py脚本进行安装
2. 直接下载安装
➜ ~ curl -sSf https://static.rust-lang.org/rustup.sh | sh
Password:
rustup: gpg available. signatures will be verified
rustup: downloading manifest for 'stable'
rustup: downloading toolchain for 'stable'
######################################################################## 100.0%
gpg: assuming signed data in '/Users/xiongzenghui/.rustup.sh/dl/279d7075ba297b992559/rust-1.24.1-x86_64-apple-darwin.tar.gz'
gpg: 签名建立于 五 3/ 2 07:47:10 2018 CST
gpg: 使用 RSA 密钥 5CB4A9347B3B09DC
gpg: 完好的签名，来自于“Rust Language (Tag and Release Signing Key) <rust-key@rust-lang.org>” [未知]
gpg: 警告：这把密钥未经受信任的签名认证！
gpg: 没有证据表明这个签名属于它所声称的持有者。
主钥指纹： 108F 6620 5EAE B0AA A8DD 5E1C 85AB 96E6 FA1B E5FE
子钥指纹： C134 66B7 E169 A085 1886 3216 5CB4 A934 7B3B 09DC
rustup: installing toolchain for 'stable'
rustup: extracting installer
Password:
install: creating uninstall script at /usr/local/lib/rustlib/uninstall.sh
install: installing component 'rustc'
install: installing component 'cargo'
install: installing component 'rls-preview'
install: installing component 'rustfmt-preview'
install: installing component 'rust-analysis-x86_64-apple-darwin'
install: installing component 'rust-std-x86_64-apple-darwin'
install: installing component 'rust-docs'
Rust is ready to roll.
➜ ~
3、rust helloworld
源文件
fn main() {
println!("Hello World by Rust ~");
}
编译链接生成可执行程序main
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main file main
main: Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64
➜ main
执行可执行程序main
➜ main ./main
Hello World by Rust ~
➜ main
4、格式化输出
// fn main() {
// let mystr :&str = "abcd";
// println!("mystr address: {:p}", &mystr);
// println!("mystr address: {:p}", &mystr[1..]);
// println!("mystr address: {:p}", &mystr[2..]);
// println!("mystr address: {:p}", &mystr[3..]);
// }
fn main() {
// {}表示占位符，由后面的31替换
println!("{} days", 31);
// {0} 使用后面第几个参数替换
println!("{0}, this is {1}. {1}, this is {0}", "Alice", "Bob");
// named arguments.
println!("{subject} {verb} {predicate}",
predicate="over the lazy dog",
subject="the quick brown fox",
verb="jumps"
);
// Special formatting can be specified after a `:`.
// :b => 二进制输出
println!("{} - {:b} ", 2, 2);
// error 少一个参数
// println!("My name is {0}, {1} {0}", "Bond")
// {:?} 自动根据数据类型输出
let f2: bool = false;
println!("f2 = {:?}", f2);
// {:p} 输出变量标记的内存地址
let name = "xiong";
println!("&name = {:p}", &name)
}
➜ main make
rustc main.rs
./main
31 days
Alice, this is Bob. Bob, this is Alice
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
2 - 10
f2 = false
&name = 0x7fff58cf2740
➜ main
5、条件编译
1. #[cfg(foo)]
#[cfg(foo)]
fn foo() {
println!("foo()")
}
fn main()
{
#[cfg(foo)]
foo();
}
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main ./main
➜ main
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg foo
➜ main ./main
foo()
➜ main
2. #[cfg(not(foo))]
#[cfg(not(foo))]
fn foo() {
println!("foo()")
}
fn main()
{
#[cfg(not(foo))]
foo();
}
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg foo
➜ main ./main
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main ./main
foo()
➜ main
3. [cfg(foo = "baz")]
#[cfg(feature = "run")]
fn run() {
println!("run()")
}
#[cfg(feature = "cry")]
fn cry() {
println!("cry()")
}
fn main()
{
#[cfg(feature = "run")]
run();
#[cfg(feature = "cry")]
cry();
}
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg feature=\"run\"
➜ main ./main
run()
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg feature=\"cry\"
➜ main ./main
cry()
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main ./main
➜ main
4. any 条件组合
#[cfg(all(run, cry))]
fn run() {
println!("run()")
}
#[cfg(all(run, cry))]
fn cry() {
println!("cry()")
}
#[cfg(any(run, cry))]
fn any() {
println!("cry() || run()")
}
fn main()
{
#[cfg(any(run, cry))]
any();
}
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main ./main
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg run
➜ main ./main
cry() || run()
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg cry
➜ main ./main
cry() || run()
➜ main
5. all 条件组合
#[cfg(all(run, cry))]
fn run() {
println!("run()")
}
#[cfg(all(run, cry))]
fn cry() {
println!("cry()")
}
#[cfg(any(run, cry))]
fn any() {
println!("cry() || run()")
}
fn main()
{
#[cfg(all(run, cry))]
{
run();
cry();
}
#[cfg(any(run, cry))]
any()
}
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main ./main
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg run
➜ main ./main
cry() || run()
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg cry
➜ main ./main
cry() || run()
➜ main
➜ main rustc main.rs --cfg cry --cfg run
➜ main ./main
run()
cry()
cry() || run()
➜ main
6. 任意位置使用cfg内置对象
fn main()
{
if cfg!(target_os = "macos") || cfg!(target_os = "ios") {
println!("Think Different!");
}
}
➜ main rustc main.rs
➜ main ./main
Think Different!
➜ main
