beside oneself= in a state of extreme agitation（焦虑，不可数）or excitement
Joe was beside himself as the war was looming.
gutted= extremely disappointed and unhappy,极不开心（guts指内脏或勇气）
Joe was gutted with pain when he heard the news that his best friend had been murdered.
contextualize把…置于环境中,vt
When we judge a historical figure, we should contextualize their behavior and experience.
brave=fine，含讽刺意味
We don’t know where the brave new technology named AI would take us.
mushroom= increase, spread, or develop rapidly,迅速增涨，vi
Juvenile delinquency has been mushrooming in this district.
注意perimeter和parameter的区别，前者是周长（边缘，边界），相当于circumference，后者是参数，规范，界限（a limit or boundary），常作parameters
The police are patrolling the perimeter of this community.
The parameters of this debate are set by some senior members of this committee.
jack up=increase sth by a considerable amount，提高，pv，vt（jack有汽车千斤顶的意思）
The advent of the internet has jacked up global trade.
traffic in…= deal or trade in sth illegal,非法买卖某物
One of the main features of tabloids is to traffic in shame of public figures.
desensitize A to B，使A对B脱敏
Growing up with many sisters has desensitized him to the appeals of women.
permissive= allowing or characterized by great or excessive freedom of behavior，纵容的（注意pervasive是“普遍的”的意思)
Joe has a strict father and a permissive mother.
lend itself to sth= be suitable for sth
Joe’s personality lends itself to an academic career.
saturate A with B使A充满B（saturate本义是“使…湿透”的意思）
Gossipers saturate the internet with public shaming.
Upstander= a person who acts or speaks in support of an individual or cause, particularly someone who intervenes on behalf of a person being attacked or bullied.挺身相助者（bystander，旁观者）
Joe sees himself as an upstander for minorities and those unprivileged.
id本我；ego自我；superego超我
stick（有“探出、放置，vt”的意思）one’s head above the parapet= take a risk（贸然出头）
Joe always sticks his head above the parapet（一种矮的保护墙）to help those in need.
tiptoe around sth or someone= to avoid dealing with a difficult subject, problem, or person.
Stop tiptoeing around the challenge you are due to face.
opprobrium= the public disgrace arising from someone’s shameful conduct.耻辱，不可数
No one can bear the heavy load of life-long opprobrium.
