在英文中,两个独立的句子合成一句叫复合句,如:
句子A:He went into a room.
句子B:He turned on the TV.
合成:He went into a room and turned on the TV.(他走进房间,打开了电视)
这是复合句中的并列句,其中and
是连词,将两者连起来。
只要是用连词连进来的句子就是并列复合句,也称并列句。
怎么辨别连词?在词典里标识为conj
的单词,如and, so等。
再看一个例子。
句子C:He went into a room.
句子D:The room was nearly empty of furniture.
合成一句:He went into a room that was nearly empty of furniture.(他走进一间有几乎没有家具的房间)
这句复合句不再是简单的拼接,他们是有关系的,都有room
,后面一句修饰前一句的room,
这种有结构的复合句叫从属复合句,或叫复杂句。
一、什么是关系从句?
从属复合句中,有一个句子是主要句,另一个句子起修饰补充(称从句),且修饰补充的句子由关系词引导,这种句子叫关系从句。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词有when,where,why。
前面举的例子He went into a room that was nearly empty of furniture
是关系从句。
再看一个关系从句示例:
句子E:He is a professor.
句子F:He gives lectures in several universities this semester
E、F二合一:He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.(他是一名教授,这学期在几所大学兼课。)
1.关系代词在从句做主语
在关系从句,有些关系代词在从句做主语,有些在从句中作宾语,我们先来看在从句做主语的情况。
John is the teacher who speaks three foreign languages.
这一句的两个独立句分别是:
John is the teacher.(主句)
he speaks three foreign languages.(从句)
可以发现,在从属复合句中,使用who代替了he,在从句中是speaks的主语,speaks是从句的谓语,在从句做主语时,关系代词不能省略。
补充:谓语是句法中用到的概念,一个简单句有且只有一个谓语;而动词是词法中使用的概念,二者说的维度不一样,谓语一定是动词,动词不一在句中做谓语,比如可以是To + 非限定动词。
2.关系代词在从句做宾语
在从句中作宾语的情况,如:
John is the teacher who I met yesterday.
这一句可以拆分成这两个简单句:
John is the teacher
I met he yesterday.
其中who在从句中做met的宾语。
只要是在<从句中>做宾语,则关系代词可以省略,省略后如:
John is the teacher I met yesterday.
再看个例子加深印象:
Who was the woman you were talking to? (woman后省略了who)
Is this the CD you wanted? (CD后省略了that)
二、如何区分关系代词从句和关系副词从句?
关系副词从句是使用关系副词有when,where,why引导的从句,如:
We met on the day when I passed my final exam. 从句I passed my final exam
是完整句子,副词when修饰从句谓语passed.
那如何区分关系代词从句和关系副词从句?
来看下这几道题:
1.Venice was the town _____ I met my wife. (A.which B.where C.what)
2.Venice was the town _____ I had visited. (A.which B.where C.why)
3.Venice was the town _____ my wife lived. (A.that B.where C who)
4.Venice was the town _____ had many old buildings. (A.which B.where C who)
第1题从句I met my wife
是完整句子,因此使用where关系副词;
第2题从句I had visited
需要宾语,因此用关系代词which来代替the town
,做visited的宾语。
第3题从句my wife lived
中live是不及物动词,是完整句子(主+谓),因此使用关系副词where;
第4题从句had many old buildings
可以发现缺主语,需要代词,而who只以代替人,所以用which;
答案:
1.where(B)
2.which(A)
3.where(B)
4.which(A)
上面第3题如果改成
Venice was the town _____ my wife lived. (A.where B.who C.in which)
加了in which选项,那where和in which都可选;使用in which则从句意思是:my wife lived in the town.
这是因为关系副词=介词+关系代词
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
相关的还有:
why=for which
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
whose=of which/ whom
使用which进行评论
我们来看这一句。
Lots of people laughed at the children which made me very angry.
这一句中的which
修饰什么,是修饰the children
吗?
不是,因为与句意不符,其实这里的which是指laughed at the children
这个行为让我很生气,等同于这一句:Laughing at the children made me very angry
参考:百度百科-关系从句
百度百科-限定性定语从句
英语语法APP