HTTP协议
HTTP是客户端与服务端之间请求和应答的标准; 全名叫做: 超文本传输协议; HTTP协议在客户端与服务端传输数据的过程中规定下层必须是可靠链接, 即TCP链接建立过程;
http request
HTTP消息体, 响应头, 请求头
- HTTP协议定义Web客户端如何从Web服务器请求Web页面, 以及服务器如何把Web页面传送给客户端. HTTP协议采用了请求/响应模型. 客户端向服务器发送一个请求报文, 请求报文包含请求的方法、URL、协议版本、请求头部和请求数据. 服务器以一个状态行作为响应, 响应的内容包括协议的版本、成功或者错误代码、服务器信息、响应头部和响应数据
http ask
- 请求头部构成
request function
request function example
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URL及URI
URL叫做统一资源定位符; 就是我们俗称的网址
URI叫做统一资源标识符; 用来标定各个资源的抽象
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响应头部构成
ask headers structureask headers example -
所有HTTP响应的第一行都是状态行, 依次是当前HTTP版本号, 3位数字组成的状态代码, 以及描述状态的短语,彼此由空格分隔; 命令行中常用
curl -I DaemonName来获取服务器的状态; 例如"200 OK", "404 Not Found", 但是WEB开发者仍然能够自行决定采用何种短语, 用以显示本地化的状态描述或者自定义信息;status code
Nginx架构:
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请求的处理流程
image.png 编译安装
[root@nignxwebsite ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
--2019-12-01 11:58:48-- http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
正在解析主机 nginx.org (nginx.org)... 95.211.80.227, 62.210.92.35, 2001:1af8:4060:a004:21::e3
正在连接 nginx.org (nginx.org)|95.211.80.227|:80... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求，正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度：1032630 (1008K) [application/octet-stream]
正在保存至: “nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz”
100%[==============================================================================>] 1,032,630 188KB/s 用时 6.1s
2019-12-01 11:58:55 (164 KB/s) - 已保存 “nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz” [1032630/1032630])
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# groupadd -g 996 nginx
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# useradd -u 996 -g 998 -s /sbin/nologin -M nginx
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# ./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx
报错处理:
./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre=<path> option.
解决方案:
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# yum -y install pcre-devel
错误处理:
./configure: error: the HTTP gzip module requires the zlib library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_gzip_module
option, or install the zlib library into the system, or build the zlib library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-zlib=<path> option.
解决方案:
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# yum -y install zlib-devel
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# make && make install
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginxctl
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl (启动)
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl -s stop (停止)
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl -s reload (优雅的停止后启动)
[root@nignxwebsite nginx-1.16.1]# nginxctl -t (检查配置文件的语法)
启动后观察到如下页面即代表成功:
image.png
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配置文件结构
#user nobody; worker_processes 1; #error_log logs/error.log; #error_log logs/error.log notice; #error_log logs/error.log info; #pid logs/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' # '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' # '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; #access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; #tcp_nopush on; #keepalive_timeout 0; keepalive_timeout 65; #gzip on; server { listen 80; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; #access_log logs/host.access.log main; location / { root html; index index.html index.htm; } #error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80 # #location ~ \.php$ { # proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; #} # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000 # #location ~ \.php$ { # root html; # fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # fastcgi_index index.php; # fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name; # include fastcgi_params; #} # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root # concurs with nginx's one # #location ~ /\.ht { # deny all; #} } # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration # #server { # listen 8000; # listen somename:8080; # server_name somename alias another.alias; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} # HTTPS server # #server { # listen 443 ssl; # server_name localhost; # ssl_certificate cert.pem; # ssl_certificate_key cert.key; # ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; # ssl_session_timeout 5m; # ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; # ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; # location / { # root html; # index index.html index.htm; # } #} } -
基础配置指令
- user: 指定运行nginx worker进程的用户身份;
- worker_process: 指定CPU亲和性, 通常与本机的CPU逻辑核心数相同, 以便更好地利用CPU;
- error_log: 指定错误日志的存储位置;
- pid: 指定nginx运行时pid的存储位置;
- events: 指定事件处理模型, 即上方叙述的状态机, 每个状态机决定处理的事件流
- use: 指定使用的事件模型, 一般指定epoll异步非阻塞事件模型;
- worker_connections: 描述worker进程处理的最大连接数, 通常和系统的最大文件打开数相同;
- http: 指定虚拟主机server块, 日志格式, 缓存, 压缩方式, 长连接, 文件类型及类型映射表等
- include: 设置包含文件及文件类型;
- default_type: 默认文件类型;
- log_format: 指定日志格式;
- access_log: 指定日志存储位置及开启状态;
- send_file: 文件传输状态;
- keepalive_timeout: 长连接保持时间;
- tcp_nopush: tcp连接返回确认接收信息;
- gzip: 文件传输时压缩与否;
- server: 设置响应用户的文件位置及响应用户请求的方式
- listen: 设置监听端口;
- server_name: 设置域名;
- charset: 设置字符集;
- location: 指定页面路由位置, 及指定用户访问首页时加载的文件, 可配置变量,正则等;
- error_page: 指定错误页面加载位置;
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nginx虚拟主机
#### -.- file: /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf -.- #### user nobody; worker_processes 1; error_log logs/error.log; pid logs/nginx.pid; events { use epoll; worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; keepalive_timeout 65; include /usr/local/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; }#### -.- file: /usr/local/nginx/conf.d/vhost_daemon.conf -.- #### server { listen 80; server_name www.daemons.com; charset koi8-r; access_log logs/daemons.access.log main; location / { root html; index index.html index.htm; } error_page 404 /404.html; error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } location ~ \.php$ { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1; } location ~ \.php$ { root html; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } }- 单台主机实现多个nginx网站配置
就是在虚拟主机配置目录中写多个不同域名的虚拟主机配置文件;
