that这个关系代词(Relative pronoun)，使用的频率是非常的高，几乎每个句子中都有它的身影，似乎不知道用什么词代替的时候就用that，准好使。由于使用的场合非常多，我们常常见到的有些用法未必就是正确的用法， 所以有必要彻底弄个明白。下面参考多种资料，尽量囊括各种用法讲解。

1.that的词源

that，古英语为þæt，表示“那个，如此……以致，在那之后”之义。中性的单数指示代词(demonstrative pronoun，"A Man's a Man for a' that")，关系代词(“O thou that hearest prayer”)和指示代词("Look at that caveman go!")对应阳性se(指masculine),阴性she(feminine)。来自原始的日耳曼语(Proto-Germanic)*that，原始印欧语(Proto-Indo-European)*tod-, 指示性代词的基*-to-的扩展形式。

随着语法的“性”的格系统的分解，在古英语时期开始使用，在现代英语中对所有的性的格都适用。日耳曼的同源词包括古撒克逊语(Old Saxon)that，古弗里西亚语(Old Frisian)thet，中古时期荷兰语(Middle Dutch)dat "that," German der, die, das "the."。通常比the更具体，更具有强调性，但是，在同等状况下，它们可互换使用。 起法于大约1200年，与this相反，用于表示某种更远的事物(即this表示“这”，更新，而that表示“那”，更“远”)。在副词中使用时("I'm that old")，隐含指示某事物或前面说过的某事物，在约1200年，作为"to that extent," "to that degree."记法的缩写词，作为一个连接词("Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more")，其原来是中性的代词或者形容词，that实际是作为一个限定性的冠词来修饰整个句子。

俚语(口头语)that way “in love”(恋爱中)第一次记录是在1929年，俚语That-a-way "in that direction" 是从1839年开始有记录，当击打某人时说"Take that!" (看招！)，早于15世纪有记录。

2.关于that的各种论述

2.1. Otto Jespersen对that的论述

2.1.1 非限定性从句中的that角色，that表示人和物的区别

在中世纪以及现代时期的初期，that是常用的关系词，但是，从那以后，由于wh代词的侵蚀，特别是在文学语言中，其使用范围大为缩小。今天，在非限定性从句中，确实极少使用that，甚至在限定性从句中，当指人的时候，更倾向于使用who而不是that，而指物的时候，倒不那么强调使用which。

在确定的非限定性从句中that的古风格用法例子:

(1) Chaucer B有Deeth，that taketh of heigh and logh his rent；

(2) Shakespeare Macbeth III 1.135有：Fleans，his sonne,that keeps him companie；Shakespeare ，the two Gentlemen of Verona II 4.174有：my foolish riuall，that her father likes；Shakespeare Hamlet I 1.31有your eares，That are so fortified against our story；同样出处有the cocke that is the trumpet to the day；

(3) Milton C 662有as Daphne was，Root-bound, that fled Apollo；

(4) Fielding T 2.50有:my only child，my poor Sophy，that was the joy of my heart；

(5) Shaw Ms 27有it’s they that have put the job up. It’s we that run the country for them；

(6) Buchan 39 Steps 123有It’s wise conspirator that knows his own name；

尽管，如前面评述，先行词之后的that用于表示人，比起以前来讲更为少见，但这个用法并未废弃，例如，可参见两个最新的引用，可能由于各种原因选用了第二个that：

(1) Kipl L 72(此人未查证)有Whi’s the man that says that we’re all islands shouting lies to each other across seas of misunderstanding?；

(2) Russell Ed 126有The child who has been treated wisely and kindly has a frank look in the eyes，whereas the child that has been subject to nagging or severity is in perpetual terror of incurring reproof.

关于人称先行词之后的that使用的例子：

(1) Shaw Ms 27有it’s they that have put the job up；这儿they是人称先行词。

It’s we that run the country for them；

Shaw D 229有Is it you that’s going to be married or is it Dith?

Shaw 1.230有wont you take it from your own mother，that lives you and swears to you that it’s truth?

(2) Buchan 39 Steps 123有It’s a wise conspirator that knows his own name。

(3) Rosalind(in Shakespeare As you like it) asks“Are you he that hangs the verses on the trees?”。

(4) Bennett HL 81有it’s you that’s good。

(5) Galsw P 12.41有“Tisn’t I that wants to spoil your home.”。

(6) Swinnerton Noct.189有It’s me that has to give it up.

(7) Walpole GM 439有It wasn’t you who was going to marry Philip。

(8) Barrie TG 399有It is myself who is writing at last。

(9) Doyle NP 95有I told them who it was that they had helped to rescue.

(10) Dickinson C 55有Yes，it is we who do not accept it that practice the Gospel of peace。

(11) Benson D 2.251有It is only people who can’t see at all，that see the other aspect of it。

(12) Locke St 33有It is only women who live alone that can know what it is to yearn to have a man’s strong arm。

(13) Stevenson D 1有All is not gold that glitters。

(14) Hope R 224有Who that knows what man and woman are would not have shrunk from that alternative?

(15) Walpole DW 410有You’re the best friend that he’s got。

(16) McKenna Sh 150有you’re the only one that knows your own feelings。

(17) Bridges E 19有the last poor hope of them that fear；

Athena，mistress good of them that know。

(18) Maxwell F 223有He thought of the story of her whole lift—the mother that was worse than no mother…。

(19) Mackenzie S 1.371有asking themselves in whispers what man this was that came among them whith so sad an expression。

(20) Merrick MG 129有On which side had he cast the weight of his opinion—this man that she had never seen?

(21) Phillpotts GR 181有I,that thought I was strong，prove so weak。

在词后表示人称的这种趋势下降的原因之一，是人们更多的是受书面格式的影响，认为that是中性的(相对于阳性和阴性)，因为它和强重读的指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)的拼法方式是一样的，都拼读为[ðæt]。某些情况下，使用who可以避免引起混淆，因此，在all后面有：尽管表示数量没有疑问(all that is found是中性，而all that are found是人称)，假如‘everybody’为其含义并使用’everything’来限制all that might be found，则我们说all who might be found则更为清晰。

Fowler，MENU 716，写道“当前，用that来表示人，比起用来表示事物，显得很勉强。在习语中，礼貌占有很大成分，写成：The ladies that were present，或The general that most distinguished himeself，也会，会感觉得这是一种怠慢，剥夺了他们的人性…我们可以选择这样表达，我们可能选择用that来这样表达而不会被人质疑迂腐：The most impartial critic that could be found|The only man that I know of|Anyone that knows anything knows this|It was you that said so|Who is it that talks about moral geography?”增强that在表示人的程度，对于习语的改革者来说，是划算的事情。但是如果强行尝试注定会失败。”(对比此作者前面的评述KE 83:that表示人除了表示夸张或类似的词汇之后，已“变得过时老旧”)。(也就是说，用that来表示人已经显得过时，即使你要用that表示人，也要体有体现人的词在句中，否则容易被人质疑不礼貌。)

Sweet §2141章节有这样的例子：“then the children were lifted out by the mother；and then the nurse，an awkward，plain girl that nobody helped，tumbled out by herself”。他解释称，这样使用that，省略掉了关系，会导致混淆或者尴尬，另一方面，说话者在这儿会避开宾格who,这样会被当成‘无语法’看待，使用Whom又会明显有点书呆子气。尽管如此，可能会说成，从句和形容词一样仅是描述的一部分，因此实际上是名词性实词girl的限制成分。类似的例子是，Shaw A 190有your duchess is only a flower girl that you taught。Sweet的解释可能是归因于Shaw C 7(一个学童的讲话：)Tatham，that the doctor thinks such a genius，does all his constering[即construing] from cribs—但是这对我们理解同样出处的that没有帮助，同样出处161有Lord Worthington，that comes to see you when he likes——在McKenna手抄本的84页“Even Oxford，that I thought could never alter，had changed during my absence”，使用that的原因可能是使用who感觉太人称化了，而另一方面，使用which又太物化了。

Who不用作谓语；原因似乎是谓语感觉比罗中性(关于中性(neuter)参见<<the Philosophy of Grammar，242页第6段描述>>)，因此，前面的一些例子使用that就是基于这种考虑。类似的例子还有：

(1) Kennnedy CN 201页有He remembered her suddenly as the defenceless creature that she had been when last they all together；

同样出处234页有remembering the tolerant,unsuspicious creature that she used to be。

(2) Locke GP 195页有he would have revealed himself as the man that he really as；

同样出处255页有Nothing about her to betray the woman that he had long since known her to be [De Quingcey 337页有Like the sensible girl that we have always found her]；

(3) 注意Shaw Ms 96页中的中性all，I am all that a woman ought to be.

That在下面结构的句子中也用作谓语附加语，即通过在句中加入that构成从句，使得句子表现出同位语结构，这时that在从句中充当谓语附加语：

(1) Chaucer，The Canterbury Tales 3.1565节有never the bet for yow，Fox that ye been，god yeve your herte care!

(2) Bunyan P 51页有but that，uretched man that I am! I slept；

同样出处211页有alas for them，poor men that they are!；

(3) Gay BP 63页有Did I let him escape，(Fool that I was!) to go to her?

(4) Di F 274页有Good! cries Twemlow，polite little gentleman that he is；

(4) Di X 209页有The Carrier as in high spirits，good fellow that he was；

(5) Hardy L 100页有Mrs Harnham—lonely impressionable creature that she was；

(6) Gosse F 301页有he really allowed her，grim vixen that she was，to disturb his plans；

(7) Bennett A 69页有a lot of you，fools that you are，have come here to hear me；

(8) Hawth T 128页有But Philemon，simple and kind-hearted old man that he was，had not many secrets；

(9) Shaw P 255页有you recovered the estate ensily enough then，robber and rascal that you are。

在孤立感叹句中也经常使用类似的组合，只是在此类型句中that不充当任何句中成分的同位语(那么感叹句中的that充当什么成分？)，例如：

(1) BJo 1.90章节有Beast that I was，to trust him!

(2) Tenn 295页有Fool that I am to be vext with his pride!

(3) Di D 672页有Ha，ha! The liars that these traders are!

(4) Kingsley H 252 Unthinking fool that I was!

(5) Hardy L 46页有 O the fool，the fool that I was!

在形容词之后，通常在这样的同位语作附加语的句中和感叹句中使用as，除了下面句子中的例外情况：

(1) Sh Gent V.4.28章节有O miserable，vnhappy that I am!

(2) Kingsley H 42页有Foolish that I am!

而在Di Do 246页中，that通过as而重复使用，即as代替了that的角色：

who takes me，refuse that I am，and as I well deserve to be。

2.1.2 使用be动词的从句中使用that表示人称

有一个有趣的习语，尽管仅包括be动词格式的从句通常是非限定性的且可能指的是人称，也习惯使用that；这样使用除了表示时间关系之外没有别的目的(在一些美语中这种时间关系通过名词性实词自身的时态词尾变换(tense-inflextion)来实现)。有一些独立句中使用了废弃的be，例如：the powers that be；更多的例子：

(1) FQ V.4节有Right now is wrong，and wrong that was is right；

(2) Swift UL 14页有Do you mean Lady Jenny Forbes that was?

(3) Defoe R 2.212章节有 my partner oblig’d the prior that then was，to go to the Monastery；

(4) Goldsm V 2.219章节有Lady Thornhill (that was to be) should take the lead；

(5) Di Do 274页有Mrs Dombey that is to be，will be very senible of your attention；

(6) Carlyle F 3.95页有I call each chapter that was，a book，and have subdivided all these into chapters [=each devision that was [called] a chapter]；

同样出处R 2.181有The last paragraph [of FR] I well remember writing upstairs in the drawing-room that now is，which was then my writing-room；

同样出处1.282页有Somewhere near the Admiralty (that now is，and perhaps then was)；

(7) Holmes A 317页有three [trees] blew down in my woods (that were) in 1852；

(8) Hardy R 54页有my wife tha is now，went…；

(9) Swinb L 92页有people began to talk of her as Lady Cheyne that was to be；

(10) Lang T 18页有So much of the poet that was to be existed in the little volume of the undergraduate；

Who例外的情况：Mrs. Browning A 125页有She has sent me to find a cousin of mine who shall be(也就是说someone who is to marry my cousin)。

在俗化口语中有as，Bennet RS 190页有He married Mrs. Arb，as was。

在下列组合句中有一个有趣的变体：Mrs. Hrrison，Miss Brown that was或 Miss Brown，Mrs. Harrison that is to be；这儿，名词性实词充当同位语，后接关系从句，可理解为跟随动词的附加语，但是，如果我们转述这个句子用于表达这样的含义，会使用who而不是that：Mrs. Harrison，who was Miss B.，很明显，从句是非限定性从句。同样的结构的句子在西班牙语中有确切对应的例子：don N,consul que fué de Espa ña(Hanssen，西班牙语语法§54，3和39，3)。英语的例子(注意，引用自Thackeray的在第二个从句中的who)：

(1) Gamelyn 38页有fergetith nat Gamelyn，my ʒonge sone that is；

(2) Sh Merch II 2.90有I am Lancelet your boy that was，your sonne that is，your childe that shall be；

(3) Peacock M 166页有Next to him is Miss Crotchet，my sister in law that is to be；

(4) Quincey 94页有I therefore，Deucalion that was or had been provisionally；

(5) Thack N 618页有Clive’s qcquaintance，Mr. Belsize that was，Lord Highgate who is now；

(6) Herrick T 71页有Saw your friend Miss Pallanton that was—Mrs. Woodyard—at the Stantons’。

Who例外的情况：Walpole C 431有Miss Milton，librarian who was，had obtained this letter。

2.1.3 that that现象(关系词that+指示代词that或相反)

当今，关系词that通常避免出现在指示代词that之后(尽管弱that后跟指示性从句并没有明显缺点，例如“I maintain that that view is wrong|anything that that lady does looks pretty.”)。Adduson曾嘲笑过这种太多that的用法行为，但是下面例子表明，一些作者无惧这种搭配的使用：

(1) Fulg 22页有by that that ye say ye force not what myne ans were be；

(2) More U 182页有in that that nature doth allure；

(3) Shakespeare Gent IV 2.87章节有Who is that that spake?

(4) As I 2.80章节有if you sweare by that that is not，you are not forsworn；

(5) Wiv I 1.218章节有I shall doe that that is reason；

同样出处II 2.216章节有Pursuing that that flies，and flying whaqt pursues；

(6) Walton A 65页有sing us a song，that that was sung by you and your daughter，when I last past；

(7) Bunyan P 4有little of that that I am seeking to enjoy。

现在，替代that that的代词有what，that which，或(当提到一件具体的事情的时候，例如示例中Walton的例子)使用the one that或the one which。

尽管如此，人们仍然接受it is之后使用that that，例如：

(1) Hope D 52页有it’s just that that makes stories like yours so infernally uninteresting；

同样出处Z 171页有it’s not only that,sir，that keeps him away；

(2) Stevenson M 282页有it was partly that that brought me down；

(3) Doyle S 6.233章节有it’s that that turns my soul into water；

(3) Merriman S 143页有It is that particular point which gives me trouble。It is that that I wish to discover。

现在，甚至指示性附加语(demonstrative adjunct)that之后出现关系词that这种情况也很少见，以前像这样使用的例子：

(1) Congreve 251页有do you mean that fair-weather spark that was here just now?

(2) Johnson in Bosw. 1.130章节有if it can be made probable ，that that union that has received the divine approbation shall continue；

(3) Wells TM 53页有Under the new conditions of perfect security，that restless energy，that with us is strength，would become weakness；

(4) Walp RH 169页有to preserve that life that but now he had thought to throw away。

更多写作者选择使用that…which。

然而，在这儿，勉强使用that(或者，至少不是非用不可)的原因和中性首品词使用that还的情况还不一样，而是指示代词that的增强，其使得关系从句确定的限定性减弱，因此，偏爱使用wh-代词。一方面，是因为和接触从句一样，这种情况下不喜欢使用that，另一方面，在复数的附加词those之后偏爱使用who和which，这和听起来是否悦耳没有关系：当首品词those之后的that变得通用之后，附加词之后使用that就更为少见了，例如Di O 422页有those joyous little faces that clustered round her knee。

2.1.4 so、such之后的that和否定后的类似that I know用法

有时候，在so和such之后，使用关系that从句，而在今天，一般使用that+人称代词构成的结果从句这种结构来代替，例如：

(1) Shakespeare the Rape of Lucrece 854页有no perfection is so absolute，That some impuritie doth not pollute；

(2)Shakespeare Hamlet III 4.41章节有Such an act That blurres the grace and blush of modestie；

(3) Shakespeare Cæs I 2.316章节有For who so firme，that cannot be seduc’d?

Shakespeare Cæs III 2.30章节有Who is the here so base that would be a bondsman? Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? Who is here so vile that will not loue his country?

(4) Mi A 28页有Who is sho unread or so uncatechis’d in story,that hath not heard…

也可对比，Carlyle H 138页有Who ware you that presume to school the nobles?(==that you are ,since you)。—Which有类似的使用：Swift 3.237章节有there is nothing so extravagant and irrational which some philosophers have not maintained for truth.

That总是用在在否定之后的that I know(=‘so far as I know’)或者类似的表达句中， (即前面是否定表达，后接that I know或类似的表达句)。在这种使用中That发音为[ðət]且一定会被当成关系词；在丹麦语中类似的用法要么是使用det(指示代词)要么是使用更为流行的at(连接词)，但是这种用法并没有更多的好处，例如：“ikke det jeg veed|ikke at jeg har hørt”。下面是一些这种用法的例子(最早的牛津词典始于1460年)：

(1) Chaucer B 1024页有fader hath he soon，That I of wot；

Chaucer Jo 3.35章节有He was a kinsman to you? That I know of；

(2) Bunyan G 12页有I felt what guilt was，though never before，that I can remember；

(3) Di D 374页有I looked at nothing，that I kwon of，But I saw everything；同样出处121页有he took a book sometimes，but never read it that I saw；同样出处254页有I had no particular liking，that I could discover，for anything；

(4) Carlyle R 1.15章节有My father has not，that I can think of，left his fellow；同样出处2.104章节Several blackguards among our ancestors，but not one blockhead that I heard of!

(5) Ru F 86页有we are not sinners，that we know of；

(6) Swinb L 101页有I never was hand and glove with him，that I remember。

非否定中使用这种结构的that非常罕见，例如：Carlyle R 157页有twice that I recollect I specially saw him。

2.1.5 that之后的动词+前置词的用法

That就像古英语中的小品词(particle，极小量，小词) þe，不像wh-代词(wh-代词前面可以出现前置词(preposition))，其前面永远不会有前置词。在早期中古英语中，前置词(或者是副词)是放在动词的前面的，后来又放到动词的后面，在现代英语中一直是这样(这里指的是与动词搭配时前置词of放到了后在，此时不应该认为of是在动词短语的介词，而是构成了动词短语)。下面是例子(只有几个是必要的)：

(1) Vices a V51 Heðat alle cnewers(=knees) to cnelið；

(2) Ar 192页有þet þing þet ich am of scheadewe；同样出处68页有þet ilke uniseli gile þet ich of seide；

(3) Chaucer MP 3.964章节有torche bright That every man may take of light ynogh，and hit hath never the lesse；

(4) Fulg 22页有this is the mater that I come fore；

(5) Shakespeare H4A II 1.77章节有there are other Trojans that thou dreamiest not of；

Shakespeare Hamlet III 1.63章节有the thousand natural shockes That flesh is heyre to；

同样出处III 1.82章节有rather beare those illes we haue，Then flye to others that we know not of；and be baptized with the baptisme that I am baptized with?

(6) AV Ex 32.13章节有and all this land that I haue spoken of，will I giue vnto your seed；

(7) Goldsm 656页有somebody that I known of；

(8) Sheridan 269页有you will never read anything that’s worth listening to；

(9) De Quincey 354页有it is not you that I am angry with；

(10) Di N 207页有Mr. Watkinds，you know，Kate，that your poor papa went bail for；

(11) Marett Anthropol. 57页有he protects [his head] with something that Neolithic man was probably without，namely，an old bowler hat；

(12) Locke F S 202页有bookcases filled with books that no gentleman’s library should be without ；

(13) Calsw Frat 132页有(俗化)till she …with her mouth that you can tell she’s bad by。

有时候，我们会看到有两个动词，一个有前置词，而另一个没有，例如在More U 146页有these thynges that men vse and lyue by。另一个有些不同的例子，Di N 582页有ruddy lips that to look at is to long to kiss。

对比接触从句(contact-clauses)和wh-代词从句的类似句子。

2.1.6 that引导时间、行为的附加语

关系词that常用于wh-代词不适合的场合：假如我们换掉which，加入一个前置词是很有必要的，在关系从句中，整个组合构成了一个次修饰语。(但是像这样的从句是先行词的附加修饰语)。这在表示时间的时候特别常用，被认为是正确的用法。例如：

(1) Chaucer A 44页有fro the tyme that he first began To ryden out，he loved chivalrye；

(2) Shakespeare LLL V.2.1.143章节有Vpon the next occasion that we meete；同样出处Wint IV 4.688章节有this is the time that the vnjust man doth thriue；

(3) AV Luke 17.27章节有vntill the day that Noe entred into the arke；同样出处29页有But the same day that Lot went out of Sodome，it rained fire；

(4) Defoe G 31页有at the same time that he claims to be known；

(5) Wells H 33页有He was able to remark…the while that his eyes sought eagerly for the other occupant of the car；

(6) Butler Er 264页有the driver can stop the engine at any moment that he pleases。

在表示行为等的词后，that通常也有同样的用法，作为关系词引导附加修饰语，但是“现在通常认为这种用法不太优雅”(牛津词典,最大的那一部，目前20本那部。)。下面是用法例子：

(1) Marl J 21430章节有This is the reason that I sent for thee；

(2) Shakespeare Merch II 6.8章节有who riseth from a feast with that keene appetite that he sites downe？Where is the horse that doth vntread againe His tedious measure whith the vnbated fire That he did pace them first?

Shakespeare As(as you like it) I 2.9章节有thou lou’st mee not with the full waight that I loue thee；

(3) Spect 41页有The pope’s sister was in those mean circumstances that Pasquin represented her；同样出处有The pop’s sister was in those mean circumstances that Pasquin represented her；同样出处2页有it was bounded by the same hedges in William he Conqueror’s time that it is at present；

(4) Swift P 31页有by spelling the words in the very same Manner that they are pronounced by the Chief Patterns of Politeness；

(5) Austen p 320页有he spoke with the same good-humoured ease that he had ever done；

(6) Dickinson C 56页有The reason that I stand for var is，not that I admire the activity of killing and being killed in the modern way，but that I admire the power to face and endure that；

(7) Philips L 54页有we parted in the same cordial fashion that we met；

(8) Butler Er 123页有if he had seen the matter in the same light that I did。

由“the moment that he entered”和“by the time that you are dressed，breakfast will be ready”这样的组合句子，我们想到了极少使用的这样的句子“directly that he discovered her，he turned away”，在类似这些句子中，是副词(adverb)而不是名词的实词(substantive)充当先行词。因此，通常使用now that。例如：

(1) Shakespeare John III 4.180章节有’tis(‘tis=it is) wonderfull，what may be wrought out of their discontent，Now that their soules are topfull of offence(H6 C IV 6.1)；

(2) Mary Shelley F 136页有At first I had neglected them [papers]；but now that I was able to decipher the characters，I began to study them with digligence；

(3) Di D(Charles Dickens，David Copperfield. London 1897，手抄本)596页有Dora come stealing down to meet me，now that I was alone；

(4) Shaw 1.189 Now that I think of it，dearie，don’t you go encouraging him。

Now that有时候半丢失(half loses)其临时性和接近‘considering，seeing that’的含义； 在一些句中，使用now when来替换掉纯粹“临时性”的含义，例如：

(1) Mary Shelley F 236页有I renew this request now when I am only induced by reason and virtue…and now that you are returning to England you will have little chance of meeting with him；

(2) Carlyle FR 444页有now that his Majesty has accepted the Constitution，who would not hope?…the Queen herself，now when the Constitution is accepted，hears voice of cheering。

也对应于once that的使用，例如：Ru Sel 2.406章节有once that they are established…very few years are enough。

假如directly，now，once以相应的方式使用而无that，对于这些词的转换术语上归类为“连词(conjunctions)”。

在最近这些年，类似everywhere和anywhere与关系词that合用的情况相当普遍；应当与同样的单词而无that的这种情况比较，在句中作为附加修饰成分。例如：

(1) Kipl J 1.223章节有they are taken up mountains，anywhere that a mule can find a road；

(2) Wilde In 201页有everywhere that Shakespeare turned in London，he saw…；

(3) Carpenter P 104页indeed almost anywhere that the distinctively commercial civilization has not set its mark；

(4) McKenna Sh 57页有I used to get sent anywhere that there was good copy to be obtained；同样出处K 175页有electric lights…they are hung so that you get no light anywhere that you want it；

(5) Walpole C 196页有Everywhere that Ronder went he spoke enthusiastically about the Archdeacon。

同样方式用于扩展的anywhere之后的例子：

(1) Galsworthy F 317页有who lives in London，Cannes，and anywhere else that the whim takes him；

(2) James 工1.193 I will takes you to live anywhere in the wide world that you propose。

很容易看出，关系词that的这种用法和it is 后接一个次修饰语(subjunct)的用法密切相关，例如：

(1) It was there(或，in Italy，in my early youth，then，in this way) that I first made his acquaintance；

(2) Stev T 58页有It was on seeing that boy that I understood，for the first time ，my situation；

(3) It is because he is cruel to animals that I dislike him.对比这两个句子“It was his independence that he fought for”和“It was for his independence that he fought”；“It is the younger firm that I am transacting business with”和“It is with the younger firm that I am transacting business”。确实是正确的用法，大部分甚至全部语法学家都将这两种情况分开，一个说成是使用关系代词，而另一个是使用了连词。

文学中偏好使用wh-代词，这有时候会将写作者引入歧途，因此他们使用which，这种情况就需要连接词that，例如：

(1) Austen P 288页有it is not of peculiar，but of general evils，which I am now complaining。当然，如果这个句子是这样，使用which更为合理：It is not peculiar，but general which I am now complaining of。

(2) 另一方面，Thackeray使用了一个冗余的to：VF 296页有It was to Mrs Brent，the beetle-browed wife of Mr. Commissary Brent，to whom the General transferred his attentions。

最后，对比对应无that的情况(省略掉that)：

(1) Sheridan 302页有is’t thus we meet？

(2) Masterman WL 34页有It was here he led his simple home life；

(3) Shaw Ms 107页有it was to Tyler we owed the Fitton theiry。

2.1.7 that用法总结

因此，在考察了that的这些实际用法之后，我们需要对这些问题进行总结，关系词究竟是什么，目前已发现的各种用法中，(在具体应用中)究竟应该选择使用那一种？是代为代词，还是别的什么？

作者认为(Otto Jespersen)，在本章节中考察的关系词that，最好的称谓并不是代词，而是小品词(particle，作者提出的三品词理论，见作者另一本著作，<> 87页，精装本)，或者有人在小品词的头部再拆分出几个子分类也行，然后将它称为连接词(conjunction，或connective)。这使得我们可以清楚的看出拼法相同的两个词的区别(即同一种拼法that，一个表示代词，一个表示连词， 认为是拼法相同的两个词。)：

(a) 指示代词，单数that(全元音)，复数those，

(b) 连词(无词尾变化的小品词) that(弱元音)。

然后，我们也来理解两种从句的高度相似性，两者都有可能带或不带引导词that：

(1) I know (that) you mentioned the man.

(2) I know the man (that) you mentioned.

I know the man (that) you spoke of.

I knew it the moment (that) you mentioned it.

Now (that) it the moment (that) you mentioned it.

Now (that) you mention it，I remember perfectly well.

It is his own confession (that) I lay most stress on.

It is on his own confession (that) I lay most stress.

并行对比as，that 和but。(以上例句中，说that是代词或者连词好像都没错，那就当成引导词，或者称为关系词也没错，说成小品词也行，不管怎么称谓，都不影响对上面句子的理解。)

将that视作关系代词，这样做主要的或唯一的原因是，在从句中，that似乎充当了who和which的功能——在关系上充当主语或谓语，例如像下面的句子：

There is a man { who/that} wants to speak to you.

This is the man {whom/that} we met yesterday.

I like the dress {which/that} you wore yesterday.

另一方面，假如我们称呼关系词that为小品词(连词)，在以上三个例子从句中，第一个似乎没有主语，第二个第三个似乎没有宾语。难道就不能称为小品词吗？不然，相反，that从句，更接近接触从句(contact-clauses)，就语法分析而言，下面例句和上面例句完全一样，主语或谓语缺失：

There is a man below wants to speak to you.

This is the man we met yesterday.

I like the dress you wore yesterday.

我们必须认识到这个事实，存在没有主语的从句——但是，其它从句也是一样，在这样的句子中，甚至通过假设省略主语或者假设一个主语都是不可能的，例如，在than之后：Hamlet 1 5.167章节有There are more things in Heauen and earth，Horatio，Then are dream’t of in our (your) philosophy.

假如持这种观点，我们一定会进一步的说，of在句子“Here is the key that you spoke of”中没有主语：因此，对于of，正如它所表现的那样，从一个前置词，降级为一个副词(关于区别，参见作者的著作<<the Philosophy of Grammar>> 88页)。但是，奇怪的事是， 这正好与中古时期的语法本能完全一致，对于这几种情况，在格式上区分了前置词(不带e)和对应的副词(带e)，后面这种格式用于下列这种类型的例子中：

(1) Oros 268页有þæt hus þe hiora godas inne wæron；

(2) Chaucer E 1837页有blessed be the yok that we been inne(押韵:sinne)；

(3) AR 192页有þeo ilke uondungers þet we beoð nu ibeaten mide；同样出处 194页有hit is Judases cos þet he ou mide cusseð；

作者(Otto Jespersen)无意之间看到过伊丽莎白时期在从句尾使用withall，因为withall可以认为是属于前置词with的副词：

(1) Shakespeare Wiv II 1.90章节有one that I am not acquainted withall；

(2) AV Mark 10.39章节有and with the baptisme that I am baptized withall，shall ye be baptized。

在这儿，必须提到的是，支撑这种观点的最后一个论据是，关系词that在早期的诗歌中有相当频繁的使用，这使that更靠近连接词，在这种场合，在连词，关系副词，关系代词之后，我们看来是多余的，在现代时期，从礼貌及类似的角度考虑，下面这些用法早就被抛弃掉了：if that，unless that，less that，because that，for that，though that，but that，after that，before that，ere that，since that，till that，while(whilst) that，how that，where that，when that，why that，whether that。

关系代词之后类似的用法：

who that，which that，what that

在乔叟和其同一时期的著作中随处可见，例如：

(1) Mandev. 179页有every man takethe what part that him lykethe；

同一出处184页有fro what partie of the erthe that men duelle…；

同一出处221页有And whoso that wole，may leve me, ʒif he wille；and who so wille not，may cluse；

同一出处247页有the husbonde may ligge with whom of hem that him lykethe.

——源于15世纪。

(2) Caxton R 63页有who that is deed muste abyde deed；

同一出处36页to saye what he wolde；

同一出处58页有what that pleseth the kynge，that muste wel be don.

类似，在独立疑问句中，例如：Fulg 24页有Loke what answer that ye now haue.

因此，我们已经归类总结了很多种现象，传统语法把句子分成各种单独的成分，尽管不用任何的格式词或是是空的，将这些成分连接起来与原含义也相同，因此，在很多情况下，小品词that都是多余的。我们甚至可以说，在句子I know you mentioned the man中，和在句子I know the man you mentioned中， 我们有直接接触从句，在句子I know that you mentioned the man中，和在句子I know the man that you mentioned中，我们有同样的从句称为中间接触从句，that用于将这两个句子紧密相连的成分粘合在一起。

作者(Otto Jespersen)曾经在其读研究生的时候首先持有这种观点，在其论文“Kortfattet engelsk Grammatik for tale- og skriftsproget”(Copenhagen 1885年)中提出：文中，作者特别提到，避免使用名称代词，及在其它场景中使用that的例子“I know the man (that) you mentioned”和“I disconvered it the moment (that) I entered”在脚注中带有“directly I entered”。然后唤起注意这些从句之间以及“genstandssætninger”(内容从句)的一致性：两者都加入到主句中，要么是直接的加入“I know the man you mentioned”|“I know you mentioned him”，要么是通过that加入，这与非重读时的指示词that有区别。也提到丹麦语中有并行的格式存在“den mand at du talte om”，等等。

最近，Kruisinga已经提出了这样的观点，that不是代词，而是一个连词，参见English Studies，Oct. 1924和Febr. 1927；后者，他提出了一个新的论据来支撑我们的通用观点，即“在句子I heard it from a lady who herself was present中,代词who不能被that替换，理由是herself不能加入连词”。[但是写成这样this is the man that had written the article himself又如何？，这是相当常见的。]

2.2.柯林斯英语用法(COBUILD English Usage)对that的讲解。

柯林斯的讲解比较贴近现在，实用简洁明了。

That有三个主要的用法，下面逐一展开。

2.2.1 that用于回指(referring back)。

That用于指前面已经提到的或者已知晓的事物的种场合。用于回指时，that的发音总是/ðæt/。例如：

I was so proud of that car! 我为那辆车感到自豪！

How about natural gas? Is that an alternative? 天然气怎么样？是一个折中方案吗？

用于回指时，that是单数，复数是those。当that和those用于指人，事件，事件，或时间段时，用法各有不同。

2.2.1.1 用于回指。

可以使用that或者those来表示前面已提及的或者已知的人，事物或事件。例如：

I knew that meeting would be difficult. 我知道，会面比较困难。

‘Did you see him？’，—‘No’—‘That’s a pity.’ “你见过他吗？”——“没有”——“那是一个遗憾。”

Not all crimes are committed for those reasons. 并非所有的犯罪都是由于这些原因。

There are still a few problems with the software，but we’re working hard to remove those.

软件还有问题，但是我们正在努力解决。

2.2.1.2 用于指你能看到的人们或事物。

可以使用that或those来指你能看到的不近身的人或事物。例如：

Look at that bird. 看，那儿有只鸟。

Don’t be afraid of those people. 不用惧怕那些人。

2.2.1.3 ‘that’用于指人。

尽管一般情况下不能用that作为代词来代指人，仅当你在确定某人的身份，或者询问关于某人的身份的时候可以使用that。例如：

‘Who’s the woman in the red dress？’—‘That’s my wife.’

“穿红衣服的那个女子是谁？”——“那是我妻子。”

Who’s that？ 那是谁？

2.2.1.4 当某事发生后用于述说。

当你一直在描述一个事件，你可以使用that后接day，morning或afternoon来述说发生一天中的其它事情。例如：

There were no classes that day. 那天没课。

Paula had been shopping that morning. 那天上午Paula一直在逛商场。

你也可以使用that后接week，month，或year来表示发生在同一周， 周一月，或者同一年的事情。例如：

There was a lot of extra work to do that week. 那周有很多其它工作要做。

Later that month they attended another party at Maidenhead.

那月晚些时候他们加入了在Maidenhead的另一场聚会。

2.2.2 that用于从句中，称为that从句。

that用于特别从句的开头构成that从句，指一个事实或者一个想法。在that从句中的that通常发音为/ ðət /。例如：

He said that he was worry. 他承认他做错了。

Mrs Kaul announced that the lecture would now begin. Kaul夫人宣布演讲现在开始。

2.2.2.1 用于引用(report)说过的关于某件事的陈述。

例如：

She said that she’d been married for about two months. 她说她已结婚大约两个月了。

Sir Peter recently announced that he is to retire at the end of the year.

Peter先生最近宣称他将在年底退休。

2.2.2.2 用于形容词后，表明某人的感知，或者确信感知的事或相关的事。

例如:

She was sure that he meant it. 她确信他指的就是它。

He was frightened that something terrible might be said. 他害怕提及某些可怕的事。

可以在it it和一个形容词之后使用that从句来评价某种状况或某件事实。

It is extraordinary that we have never met. 我们遇到了前所未有的异常情况。

2.2.2.3 用于名词后，指某人所说或所想。

例如用于assumption，feeling和rumour之后，指某人所说的或所想的，后面可以接that从句：

Our strategy has been based on the assumption that the killer is just one man.

我们的方案是基于杀手仅有一个人的这样一个假设。

I had a feeling that no-one thought I was good enough. 我感觉没人认为我很好。

There is no truth in the rumour that he is resigning. 关于他正准备辞职的谣言没有真相。

2.2.2.4 用于be之后，用作补语。

例如：

Our hope is that this time all parties will co-operate. 我们希望这次所有的会议联合举行。

The important thing is that we love each other. 最重要的是我们互相相爱。

2.2.2.5 省略that的情况。

有时候，在以上4种情况中，that可以省略掉，特别是在口语中。例如：

He knew the attempt was hopeless. 他知道这种尝试是徒劳的。

She is sure Henry doesn’t mind. 她确信Henry不介意。

I have the feeling I’ve read this book already. 我感觉我读过这本书。

2.2.2.6 关于’the fact that’句子。

在非常正式的英语中，that从句常常用作句子的主语。例如：

That people can archive goodness is evident through all of history.

纵观历史，人们可以心存善良，这是很显然的。

尽管如此，如果主动词是引用动词或be动词，通常用it作主语，that从句随后。例如：

It cannot be denied that this view is justified. 不可否认，这种看法很有道理。

其它的情况，通常使用the fact结构加that从句来作主语。例如：

The fact that he is always late should make you question how reliable he is.

他总是迟到这个事实，应该会使你对他的可靠性产生怀疑。

以the fact that开头的结构也用于不能后接简单that从句的前置词宾语和动词的宾语。

例如：

We expect acknowledgement of the fact that we were treated badly.

我们希望人们承认我们受到虐待的事实。

We overlooked the fact that the children’s emotional development had been affected.

我们忽略了孩子的情感发展受到了影响这一事实。

2.2.3 that作为关系词。

2.2.3.1关系从句的定义。

关系从句(relative clause)是一个下级从句(subordinate clause)，为主句谈到的人或事物提供更多的信息。例如：

The man who came into the room was short and thin. 走进房间这个男子又矮又瘦。

Opposite is St. Paul’s Church，Where you can hear some lovely music.

对面是圣保罗教堂，在那儿你可以听到一些美炒的音乐。

2.2.3.2 that在关系从句中指人。

当指一个人或一群人的时候，that可以在关系从句中充当主语，也可充当宾语。

He was the man that bought my house. that在关系从句中作主语。

…a woman that I dislke. that在关系从句中作宾语。

2.2.3.3 that在关系从句中指物。

当指一件事物或多件事物时，that可以在句中充当主语，也可充当宾语。

通常，that在美国英语中更为常见。

2.2.3.4 关系从句中不使用关系代词that。

在限定性关系从句中，不必使用关系代词作为动词的宾语，例如’a woman that I dislike’，可以用’a woman I dislike’代替。