第四章终于开始深入刻意练习

刻意练习的原则：

不论是哪项技能，训练都遵循着非常相似的一系列原则。这就是刻意练习

刻意练习与其它的有目的性的练习有两个主要区别：

1.“First, it requires a field that is already reasonably well developed—that is, a field in which the best performers have attained a level of performance that clearly sets them apart from people who are just entering the field.”

2.“Second, deliberate practice requires a teacher who can provide practice activities designed to help a student improve his or her performance. ”

总结：With this definition we are drawing a clear distinction between purposeful practice—in which a person tries very hard to push himself or herself to improve—and practice that is both purposeful and informed. In particular, deliberate practice is informed and guided by the best performers’ accomplishments and by an understanding of what these expert performers do to excel. Deliberate practice is purposeful practice that knows where it is going and how to get there.”

应用刻意练习：

在刻意练习适用的领域和不适用的领域

“This is the basic blueprint for getting better in any pursuit: get as close to deliberate practice as you can. If you’re in a field where deliberate practice is an option, you should take that option. If not, apply the principles of deliberate practice as much as possible. ”

如何做？

1. 确定行业的专家

2. 弄明白他们是如何做到的

Once you’ve identified the expert performers in a field, the next step is to figure out specifically what they do that separates them from other, less accomplished people in the same field, and what training methods helped them get there. lesson: 

记住几点: 

Once you have identified an expert, identify what this person does differently from others that could explain the superior performance. There are likely to be many things the person does differently that have nothing to do with the superior performance, but at least it is a place to start.

In all of this keep in mind that the idea is to inform your purposeful practice and point it in directions that will be more effective. If you find that something works, keep doing it; if it doesn’t work, stop. The better you are able to tailor your training to mirror the best performers in your field, the more effective your training is likely to be.

And finally remember that, whenever possible, the best approach is almost always to work with a good coach or teacher. An effective instructor will understand what must go into a successful training regimen and will be able to modify it as necessary to suit individual students.”

重新审视一万小时理论的存在的问题

“Unfortunately, this rule—which is the only thing that many people today know about the effects of practice—is wrong in several ways.”

“you can keep going and going and going, getting better and better and better. How much you improve is up to you.”

This puts the ten-thousand-hour rule in a completely different light: The reason that you must put in ten thousand or more hours of practice to become one of the world’s best violinists or chess players or golfers is that the people you are being compared to or competing with have themselves put in ten thousand or more hours of practice. There is no point at which performance maxes out and additional practice does not lead to further improvement. So, yes, if you wish to become one of the best in the world in one of these highly competitive fields, you will need to put in thousands and thousands of hours of hard, focused work just to have a chance of equaling all of those others who have chosen to put in the same sort of work.

感悟：

1. 眼高手低到底好不好？

我们经常批评某些人做事不踏实，说眼高手低。

在阅读了三四章后，我认为眼高不是坏事，反而是件好事，我们知道在某个领域，什么是好的标准，有了这个标准我们才能设定相定的目标。以我自己的兴趣爱好来举例，摄影、绘画、音乐、舞蹈都需要我们做到眼高手低。心理表征知道什么是好的标准，经过正确的练习方法以加以练习就能不断提高。

2. 1万小时理论

Outlier这本书去看读过，我认为作者其实没有刻意说出，某项技能只要你练一万小时以上，你就能精通掌握这项技能。作者强调的是凡是某个领域的专家都离开大量大量的练习。只是老马没有说出来这个练习应该是什么样的练习。

大部分的练习是天真练习或是有目的的练习，而只有很少人能做到刻意练习。因为刻意练习的两个必要条件有时候很难实现，比如在学习某项技的时候，你没有专业老师指导，没有正确的方法。

我想对大部分人来说，很多技能不得不靠自学，因此，确定行业专家并分析他们成功的方法至关重要。这个虽然有难度，但在信息高度发达的时代并不是难事。