1. 基本形式
⑴ 动词一般有四种形式
原形 | 一般过去时 | 过去分词 | 现在分词 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
规则动词 | walk ; smoke | walked; smoked | walked; smoked | walking; smoking |
不规则动词 | write; think | wroten; thought | wroten; thought | writing; thinking |
⑵ 一般过去时和过去分词的构成
规则动词的一般过去时和过去分词在原形动词上加-ed构成。如果原形动词以-e 结尾,则加-d即可。不规则动词的原形、一般过去时和过去分词有以下情况:
原形 | 一般过去时 | 过去分词 | |
---|---|---|---|
原形、一般过去时和过去分词可能同形 | cast;cut | cast;cut | cast;cut |
往往是一般过去时和过去分词同形 | bring; think | brought; thougtht | brought; thought |
但也有三种形式都不相同 | break; do | broke; did | broken; done |
还少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同 | become; run | became; ran | become; run |
⑶ 现在分词的构成
现在分词由原形加-ing构成,但必须注意两点:
① 如原形上以-e结尾,构成现在分词时去掉-e,例如:smoke => smoking;live => living。
② 以单辅音字母结尾,而这个辅音字母前为单元音字母a、e、i、o、u的单音节(或重读音节结尾)的动词,在加-ing之前,必须重复词尾的辅音字母。例如:bit => bitting; begin => beginning。此规则也适用于由原形加-ed以构成一般过去时或过去分词,例如:rub => rubbed; stop => stopped。
2. HAVE、BE和DO
⑴ HAVE
① 形式
现在时 | 否定式 | 疑问式 | 一般过去时 |
---|---|---|---|
I have (I've) | I have not (haven't) | have I? | I had (I'd) |
you have (you've) | you have not (haven't) | have you? | you had (you'd) |
he has (he's) | he has not (hasn't) | has he? | he had (he'd) |
she has (she's) | she has not (hasn't) | has she? | she had (she'd) |
it has (it's) | it has not (hasn't) | has it? | she had (it'd) |
we have (we've) | we have not (haven't) | have we? | we had (we'd) |
you have (you've) | you have not (haven't) | have you? | you had (you'd) |
they have (they've) | they have not (haven't) | have they? | they had (they'd) |
过去分词:had;现在分词: having。
② have + 过去分词构成现在完成时,见3⑶。
③ have作“有”解释时有两种表达法:
肯定式 | 否定式 | 疑问式 |
---|---|---|
I've (got) 或 I've |
I haven't (got) 或 I don't have |
have you (got)? 或 do you have? |
he's (got) 或 he's |
he hasn't (got) 或 he doesn't have |
has he (got)? 或 dose he have? |
注意:have作“有”解释时,不能用于进行时。
④ have作为一般动词,作“吃”、“喝”、“从事”、“享受”、“遭受”等解释时,
a) 不能与got连用。
b)能用于进行时。例如:
I'm having bath. (我正在洗澡。)
c) 在否定句和疑问句中用助动词do。例如:
I don't have breakfast. (我不吃早饭。)
Do you often have meetings? (你们常开会吗?)
⑤ have (got) to = must
当不用got时,在否定句和疑问句中用助动词do。例如:
Do you have to go now? (你现在就得走了吗?)
试比较:Have you got to go now?(你现在就得走了吗?)
⑥ 在“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”的结构中,动作的执行者往往不是句子的主语。例如:
She's having a dress made. (她正在做一件衣服。 = Somebody is making it for her. )
He's had his hair cut. ( 他把头发剪了。= Somebody has cut it for him.)
在这一结构中,a) have后不能跟got; b) 能用进行时;c) 在否定句和疑问句中用助动词do。
⑵ BE
① 形式
一般现在时 | 否定式 | 疑问式 | 一般过去时 |
---|---|---|---|
I am (I'm) | I am not (I'm not) | am I? | I was |
you are (you're) | you are not (you're not) | are you? | you were |
he is (he's) | he is not (he's not) | is he? | he was |
she is (she's) | she is not (she'not) | is she? | she was |
it is (it's) | it is not (it's not) | is it? | it was |
we are (we're) | we are not (we're not) | are we? | we were |
you are (you're) | you are not (you're not) | are you? | you were |
they are (they're) | they are not (they're not) | are they? | they were |
过去分词:been;现在分词:being
② be + 现在分词构成现在进行时,见3⑵。
③ be to + 不定式表示按计划将要发生的动作或表示命令。例如:
We 're to visit a hospital tomorow. (我们明天要去参观一所医院。)
You're to wait here. (你得在这儿等着。)
was (或were) to + 不定式完成时表示计划的行动没有实现。例如:
She was to have met him at the station. (她本来要去车站接他的。)
④ be about to + 不定式表示最近即将发生的动作。例如:
The film's about to start. (电影就即将开映。)
⑶ DO
① 形式
一般现在时 | 否定式 | 疑问式 | 一般过去时 |
---|---|---|---|
I do | I do not (don't) | do I ? | I did |
you do | you do not (don't) | do you? | you did |
he does | he does not (doesn't) | dose he? | he did |
she does | she dose not (doesn't) | does she? | she did |
it dose | it dose not (doesn't) | does it? | it did |
we do | we do not (don't) | do we? | we did |
you do | you do not (don't) | do you? | you did |
they do | they do not (don't) | do they? | they did |
过去分词:done;现在分词:doing
② do用于构成否定句和疑问句(见3)。例如:
He dose not like cheese. (他不爱吃奶酪。)
Dose he smoke? (他吸烟吗?)
③ do用于构成反意疑问句中的附加疑问形式或代替动词词组。例如:
He like it, doesn't he? (他喜欢它,是不是?)
A: Do you agree? B: Yes, I do. (A: 你同意吗?B:是的,我同意。)
3. 时态的构成和用法
⑴ 一般现在时
① 结构:以动词原形表示,但主语为第三人称单数时,加词尾-s或-es。
I (you; we; they) work.
he (she; they) works.
词尾加-s或-es的规则如下:
a) 当动词以ch,sh,ss,x和o结尾时,加-es。例如:
I teach => he teaches
I wash => he washes
I miss => he misses
I go => he goes
b) 当动词以辅音字母 + -y结尾时,先将 y 变成 i ,再加 -es。例如:
I try => he tries
c) 在其他情况下都加 -s。例如:
I play => he plays
I stand => he stands
② 用法:
a) 表示现在习惯动作,常与usually, sometimes, often, seldom, always, never等副词连用。例如:
I usually get up at six. (我通常在六时起床。)
I watch football every Saturday.(我每个星期六看足球比赛。)
b) 表示真理或客观存在。例如:
The earth is round. (地球是圆的。)
Japan lies to the east of China. (日本位于中国的东面。)
c) 疑问句。
Do you smoke? (你吸烟吗?)
Where do you come from? (你是哪里人?)
d) 否定句。
I don't smoke. (我不吸烟。)
He doesn't play any musical instrument. (他不会演奏乐器。)
注意:有些动词(如 see, hear, smell)作某些意义解时,只能用一般现在(或过去)时。例如:
Do you understand? (你懂吗? 用于询问对方是否理解所说的内容或解释的概念。)
Can you see it? (你能看见他吗?)
⑵ 现在进行时
① 结构。am / are / is + 现在分词。
I am (I'm) working.
you are (you're) working.
he is (he's) working.
she is (she's) working.
it is (it's) working.
we are (we're) working.
you are (you're) working.
they are (they're) working.
② 用法:表示此刻正在发生的动作。例如:
Don't disturb me, I'm working. (别打扰我,我正在工作。)
She's having a bath at the moment, can you phone later. (她此刻正在洗澡,你一会儿打电话来好吗。)
③ 疑问句:
Is he workong at moment? (他刻在工作吗?)
What is she saying? (她在说些什么?)
④ 否定句:
I'm not reading. (我不在看书。)
He isn't listening. (他没在听着。)
⑶现在完成时
① 结构:have (has) + 过去分词。
I have (I've) worked.
you have ( you've) worked.
he has (he's) worked.
she has (she's) worked.
it has (it's) worked.
we have (we've) worked.
you have (you've) wroked.
they have (they've) worked.
② 用法:
a) 表示没有明确说出的过去某时发生的现已完成的动作。例如:
I've been to England. (我去过英国。)
He's seen that film before. (他以前看过那部电影。)
b) 与already 连用。例如:
I've already done the washing-up. (我已把碗碟洗好了。)
c) 与not…yes连用。例如:
I haven't spoken to him about it yes. (我尚未就此事同他谈过。)
d) 与 just 连用。例如:
She's just left. (她刚刚离开。)
e) 与 never 和 always 连用。 例如:
I've always wanted to stady English. (我一直想学英语。)
I've never seen him before. (我以前从未见到他。)
f) 与 since 连用。 例如:
He's lived here since 1955. (自1955年以来,他一直住在这里。)
g) 与 for (后跟包括现在在内的一段时间)连用。例如:
I've been in London for two months. (我已经在伦敦呆了两个月。)
③ 疑问句:
Have you ever been to London? (你去过伦敦吗?)
Have you always lived here? (你一直住在这儿吗?)
Has she finished homework yet? (她作业做好了吗?)
How long have you been in Shanghai? (你在上海呆了多久?)
④ 否定句:
I havn't seen him sinice February. (二月份以后,我一直没见到过他。)
He has not written for three months. (他已有三个月没有写信了。)
⑷ 现在完成进行时
① 结构:have / has + been + 现在分词。
I have (I've) been working.
you have ( you've) been working.
he has (he's) been working.
she has (she's) been working.
it has (it's) been working.
we have (we've) been working.
you have (you've) been wroking.
they have (they've) been working.
② 用法:
a) 表示从过去某时开始一直延续互说话时尚在进行的动作。例如:
He's been waiting since 6.30. (他从6点半开始就一直在等。)
I've been learning English for tow years. (我学英语已经学了两年。)
b) 表示从过去某时开始一直延续互说话时结束的动作。例如:
I've been wroking hard all morning. (我整个上午都在努力工作。)
I've just been watching television. (我一直在看电视。)
③ 疑问句:
How long have you been learing English? (你英语已经学了多长时间了?)
What have you been doing lately? (你最近在做什么?)
④ 否定句:
a) 通常用现在完成时。例如:
I haven't seen him since I left Beijing. (自从我离开北京就没见到过他。)
b) 假如强调动作尚在继续,则用现在完成进行时。例如:
I haven't been feeling well lately. (近来,我一直感觉不舒服。)
注意:
现在完成时和现在完成进行时往往可以互换使用,在口语中倾向于用现在进行时,但是:
a) 当提到已完成动作的次数时,只用现在完成时。例如:
He's drunk four bottles of beer. (他喝了四瓶啤酒。)
I've typed six letters. (我打了六封信。)
b) 当强调一段时间时,用现在完成进行时。例如:
I've been typing since 9.00. (从9点开始我一直在打字。)
He's been watching television all evening. (整个晚上他一直在看电视。)
⑸ 一般过去时
① 结构:原形动词 + -ed 或 -d。(加 -ed 或 -d的规则见1)
I (you / he / she/ it / we / you / they )worked.
② 用法:
a) 表示过去某一时刻发生的动作或状态,常与yesterday,last week,six days ago 等状语连用。例如:
I went to Beijing last month. (上月我去了北京。)
I saw a good film yesterday. (昨天我看了一部好电影。)
b) 表示在过去一段时间内发生的动作或状态。例如:
I lived in Beijing for two years. (我曾在北京住了两年。)
I've lived in Beijing for two years. (我已经在北京住了两处了。)
③ 疑问句:
Did you buy that car last aeek? (你是上星期购下那辆汽车的吗?)
What Did you do yesterday? (昨天你干什么?)
When did she arrive? (她什么时候到达的?)
④ 否定句:
I didn't see the film lsat night. (昨晚我没有看电影。)
She didn't meet him at the airport. (她没有在机场接他。)
⑹ 过去进行时
① 结构:was / were + 现在分词
I was( you were / he was / she was / it was )working.
we were( you were / they wer ) working.
② 用法:
a) 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。例如:
Did you phone 10.00? (你在10点打过电话吗?)
I was working upstairs then. (那时我正在楼上工作。)
b) 表示被某事打断的过去正在进行的动作。例如:
I was having a bath when the phone rang. (电话铃响地时候,我正在洗澡。)
c) 用于描写情景,不用时间状语。例如:
It was getting dark. (天色渐渐黑暗下来。)
The wind was blowing strongly. (风猛烈地刮着。)
③ 疑问句:
What were you doing when I phoned? (我打电话的时候,你在干什么?)
④ 否定句:
I wasn't feeling well when the boat arrived. (船抵码头时,我觉得不太舒服。)
⑺ 过去完成时
① 结构:had + 过去分词
I ( you / he / she/ it )had worked. => I'd ( you'd / he'd / she'd / it'd ) worked.
we ( you / they ) had worked. => we'd (you'd / they'd )worked.
② 用法:
a) 表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作。例如:
He died in 1957. His wife had died five years earlier. (他死于1957年。他的妻子比他早五年亡故。)
By 10.00 I had already written six letters. (到十点钟时,我已经写好了六封信。)
When she arrived, he had just left. (她到达时,他刚刚离开。)
b) 与 after 连用,表明动作的先后次序。例如:
After I had finished, I went outside. (我做完后就出去了。)
He reached the station after the train had left. (他到车站时,火车已经开走。)
注意:在用 after 连接的分句中也可用一般过去时,因而上述的第一句也可以说:after I finished, I went outside.
③ 疑问句:
Had you already left school when you met her? (你遇见她的时已经离校了吗?)
④ 否定句:
When the guests arrived, I hadn't finished cooking. (客人到时,我还没做好饭。)
Before last night I had never eaten squid. (昨晚我第一次吃鱿鱼。)
⑻ 过去完成进行时
① 结构:had + been + 现在分词
I ( you / he / she/ it )had been working. => I'd ( you'd / he'd / she'd / it'd ) been working.
we( you / they ) had been working. => we'd (you'd / they'd )been working.
② 用法:
a) 表示到过去某一时刻并还在继续的动作。例如:
By 7.00 I had been waiting for half an hour, and she still hadn't come. (到7点钟时,我已等了半个小时,而她还没有来。)
b) 表示延续到过去某一时刻而刚刚终止的动作。例如:
We had been waiting for hours when train finally arrived. (火车最终到达时,我们已等了几个小时。)
注意:当提到已完成动作的次数时,只用过去完成时(参见⑶⑦)。试比较:
He had smoked thirty cigarettes. (他已抽了三十支烟。)
He had been smoking all evening. (整个晚上他一直不断地抽烟。)
③ 疑问句:
Had he been feeling ill before his heart attack. (他心脏病发作之前是否一直觉得不舒服吗?)
How long had it been raining before you shut the window? (你关窗户之前,雨已下了多久?)
④ 否定句:
a) 通常用过去完成时。例如:
I hadn't seen him since our school days. (从离开学校后,我一直没有见过他。)
b) 如果强调动作尚在继续,则用过去完成进行时。例如:
I hadn't been sleeping well. (我一直睡眠不好。)
⑼ 将来时
将来时的手段表达有五种。
① will /(shall)+ 动词原形:
I will / shall (I'll)work.
you will (you'll) work.
he will (he'll) work.
she will (she'll) work.
it will (it'll) work.
we will /shall (we'll) work.
you will (you'll) work.
they will (they'll) work.
否定式:well not = won't ; shall not = shan't
疑问式:will you / he /……
注意:尽管严格地讲第一人称应用shall表示将来时间,但实际上目前只运用正式英语中,或者用于提议,例如:Shall we go to China this year for our holiday? (今年我们去中国度假好吗?)
② am / are / is + going to +动词原形:
I am ( I'm) going to work.
you are (you're) going to work.
he is (he's) going to work.
she is (she's) going to work.
it is (it's) going to work.
we are (we're) going to work.
you are (you're) going to work.
they are (they're) going to work.
这是一种更常用的结构,常表示意图,例如:
I'm going to sell my car next mouth. (我打算下个月把车子卖了。)
也可表示已有迹象表明将要发生的情况,例如:
It's going to rain. (天快下雨了。 )
I'm going to be sick. (我要生病了。)
③ 现在进行时。用现在进行时表示将来时间只适用于作动作动词,不能用于状态动词,这一结构安排、计划、约会等。例如:
He's arriving at midnight. (他将在午夜到达。)
I'm having lunch with Mr. Smith tomorrow. (明天我要同史密斯先生共进午餐。)
④ 一般现在时。用来表示不可改变的安排、计划等。例如:
We leave tonight at 6.00, and arrive in Athens on Thursday morning. (我们在今晚6点动身,星期四早上抵达雅典。)
⑤ 将来进行时。weil ( shall )+ be + 现在分词,用来表示将来某一时刻进行的动作。例如:
I'll be working all tomorrow. (明天我要整天都工作。)
She'll be teaching from 2.00 till 4.30. (从2点到4点半她将在讲课。)
这一结构在面代英语口语中还常用于表示理所当然要发生的动作,例如:
I'll be seeing him tomorrow anyway, so I can give it to him. ( 我反正明天要见到他,所以我可以扡这交给他。)
⑽ 将来完成时
① 结构:will / shall + have +过去分词
I will / shall (I'll)have worked.
you will (you'll) have worked.
he will (he'll) have worked.
she will (she'll) have worked.
it will (it'll) have worked.
we will /shall (we'll) have worked.
you will (you'll) have worked.
they will (they'll) have worked.
② 用法:
表示将来某一时刻已经完成的动作。例如:
This time next year, I'll have finished my job in London. (明年时候我将结束在伦敦的工作。)
③ 疑问句:
Will you have finished by the time I get back? (你能在我回来之前完工吗?)
④ 否定句:
By the end of this year I won't have saved enough for a new television. (到今年年底,我积不满足以购买一台新电视机的钱。)
⑾ 将来完成进行时
① 结构:will / shall + have + been + 现在分词
I will / shall (I'll)have been working.
you will (you'll) have been working.
he will (he'll) have been working.
she will (she'll) have been working.
it will (it'll) have been working.
we will /shall (we'll) have been working.
you will (you'll) have been working.
they will (they'll) have been working.
② 用法:
表示一个已经开始并至某一将来时刻仍在继续进行或刚结束的动作。例如:
By 1985, I'll have been livingin Shanghai for ten years. (到1985年,我在上海已就住满十年。)
When it's finished, he'll have been working on the project for four years. (到这一工程完成时,他将已为之工作满四年。)
③ 疑问句:
How long will you have been learning English by th end this term. (到本学期底,你学英语已学了多久?)
④ 否定句:
a) 通常用将来完成时。例如:
I won't have finished by 9.00 tonight. (今晚9点前我还完成不了。)
b) 如果强调动作仍在继续,则用将来完成进行时。例如:
On Wednesday they won't have been speaking to each other for three weeks. (到星期三,他们将已有三个星期不讲话了。)
⑿ 条件时态
有三种带 if 的条件句。
① 开放条件句
a) 结构:
if + 一般现在时,will / shall + 不定式
If it rains, I'll get wet.
b) 用法:
表示立即或直接的可能。例如:
If he finds out, he'll be angry. (如果他发现了,他会生气的。)
We'll catch the train if we hurry. (如果抓紧的话,我们能赶上火车。)
c) 疑问句:
Well you leave if it rains? (如果天下雨,你就走吗?)
d) 否定句:
If you don't go, she wen't speak to you again. (如果你不去,她就再也不理你了。)
② 第二式条件句
a) 结构:
if + 一般过去时,would + 不定式
If it rained, I'd get wet.
b) 用法:
表示与事实相反的主观假说。例如:
I'd lend Peter the money if he needed it. (要是彼得需要钱,我会借给他的。)
c) 疑问句:
Would you buy a second-hand car if he offered you one? (要是他愿意把车子卖给你,你会向他买辆旧车吗? )
d) 否定句:
If they didn't pay such high taxes they would live better. (要是他们不付那么高的税,他们会生活得好一些。)
③ 第三条件句
a) 结构:
if + 过去完成时 would have + 去过分词
If it had rained I'd have get wet.
b) 用法:
表示与过去事实相反的主观假说。例如:
If I had seen the red light, I'd have stopped. (要是我当时看到了红灯,我会停车的。)
c) 疑问句:
Would you have left earlier, if you'd known they were coming? (要是你知道他们要来,你会提早离开吗?)
d) 否定句:
I wouldn't have bought it if I'd realized you already had one. (要是我早知道你已有了一个,我就不再会买了。)
⒋ 祈使语气(THE IMPERATIVE)
⑴ 祈使句的动词形式不论单数或复数均由不定式构成。例如:
Sit, down! (坐下!)
Go away! (走开!)
⑵ 否定式由 do not ( don't )+ 不定式构成。例如:
Don't go too near. (但别走得太近。)
注意:除了正式用于通告如“Keep out”、“Do not walk on the gress” 等外,英语中的祈使句是一种非常直率而冒昧的说话方式有礼貌的请求应用 could、can 、may。例如:
Could you open the window, please? (请把窗户打开好吗?)
Can I use your pen? (我可以用一下你的钢笔吗?)
May I go now? (我现在可以走了吗?)
以上第二句中的can不如第一句中的could客气。
5. 被动语态 (THE PASSIVE)
⑴被动语态的构成
1)被动语态由与主动句同一时态的 be + 过去分词构成;
2)主动句的宾语转化成被动句的主语;
3)主动句的主语转化成被动句中 by 的宾语(by 后的动作执行者常省略)。例如:
Thieves stole the painting yesterday. (昨天有贼偷走了那幅画。)
The painting was stole ( by thieves ) yesterday. ( 那幅画昨天(被贼)偷走了。)
⑵ 主动式和被动式的时态变化(第三人称人称单数)
时态 | 主动式 | 被动式 |
---|---|---|
一般现在时 | watches | is watched |
现在进行时 | is wacthing | is being watched |
现在完成时 | has wacthed | has been wacthed |
现在完成进行时 | has been wacthing | |
一般过去时 | watched | was wacthed |
过去进行时 | was wacthing | was being wacthed |
过去完成时|had wacthed | had been wacthed | |
过去完成进行时 | had been wacthed | |
将来时(will/shall ) | will/shall wacth | will/shall wacthed |
将来时(going to) | is going to wacth | is going to be wacthed |
将来进行时 | will/shall be wacthing | |
将来完成时 | will/shall have wacthed | |
将来完成进行时 | will/shall have been wacthing | |
第二式条件句 | would wacth | would be wacthed |
第三式条件句 | would have wacthed | would have been wacthed |
⑶ 动作执行者通常不表现出来。
主动式 | 被动式 |
---|---|
Someone has stolen my car ! | My car has been stolen ! |
The police arrested the thief. | The thief was arrested. |
People like him very much. | He is very much liked. |
⑷ 如果主动句中有两宾语,变成被动句时,通常将间接宾语转化成主语,但有时也可将直接宾语转化成主语,保留间接宾语。
主动式 | 被动式 |
---|---|
The class gave the teacher a present. | The teacher was given a present by the class. |
The class gave the teacher a present. | A present was given (to) the teacher. |
Somebody sent me a postcard. | I was sent a postcard. |
Somebody sent me a postcard. | A postcard was sent (to) me. |
⑸ 不定式的被动语态。
主动式 | 被动式 |
---|---|
They are to build a new hospital there. | A new hospital is to be build there. |
You must lock your door at night. | Your door must be locked at night. |
⑹ think, say, believe, know等动词的不定式结构。
主动式 | 被动式 |
---|---|
People say that he has left the country. | He is said to have left the country. |
People believe that he brided the police. | He is belived to have brided the police. |
6. 不定式 (THE INFINITIVE)
⑴形式
①通常由 to + 动词原形构成,例如:
He wants to learn English. (他想要学英语。)
To be here is a great pleasure. (很高兴来到这里。)
I went there to see him. (我去那里看他。)
②在下列情况下,不定式不带 to。 例如:
a) 在 do, can,must, may 等助动词和情态动词之后。例如:
Did you hear a noise? (你听到奇怪的响声吗?)
He can play the violin. (他会拉小提琴。)
You may take my dictionary. (你可以拿我的字典。)
b) 在 see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe 等表示感觉的动词以及 make,let之后。但当这些用于被动语态时,必须用带 to 的不定式。例如:
I saw the thief run away. (我看到那个贼逃走。)
Have you heard her play the piano? (你听过她弹钢琴吗?)
Let me tell you a story. (我给你们讲个故事。)
The pain made him cry out. (他痛得尖叫起来。)
She was made to wait for over an hour. (使她等了一个多小时。)
He was seen to take the money. (有人看见他拿了那笔钱。)
c) 在 had,better,had/wuold rather,had/would sooner,cannot but 等之后。例如:
You'd better tell him truth. (你还是把真实情况告诉他好。)
I'd rather play tennis than swim. (我宁可打网球而不去游泳。)
d) 在动词 help 之后的不定式可以是带 to 的,也可以不带 to。例如:
Will you help me (to) clean the room. (你帮我打扫房间好吗?)
⑵不定式的时态和语态
主动式 | 被动式 | |
---|---|---|
一般时 | (to) write | (to) be written |
完成时 | (to) have written | (to) have been written |
进行时 | (to) be writing | |
完成进行时 | (to) have been writing |
a) 作主语。例如:
To wear boots would be safest. (穿长统靴最安全了。)
To waste it is a pity. (把这东西浪费掉太可惜了。)
在现代英语中上述这种不定式的结构前置的形式已不常见,一般倾向于用先行词 it ,用不定式后置的形式。例如:
It would be safest to wear boots.
It is a pity to waste it.
b) 作表语。例如:
Who is to blame? (该怪谁呢?)
My aim was to help you. (我的目的是帮助你。)
c) 作宾语。例如:
I want to know the answer. (我想知道答案。)
He pretended not to see me. (他假装没看见我。)
Tell me where to go. (告诉我去哪里。)
d) 作宾语补语。例如:
What makes you think so? (是什么使你这样想的?)
He helped her (to) carry the box upstairs. (他帮她把箱子搬到楼上。)
I should guess her to be about fifty. (我应该猜到她五十岁左右。)
We felt the house shake. (我们感到房子在震动。)
e) 作表示目的、结果、原因、条件等的状语。例如:
I shall need only an hour to finish the job. (完成这件事我只要一个小时够了。)
He lived to be 90. (他活到九十岁。)
The child run over to greet her. (那孩子跑过去迎接她。)
He brought his brother to see me. (他把他的兄弟带来看我。)
f) 作定语。例如:
He gave me something to eat. (他给我吃的东西。)
The questions to be answered are on page 40. (要回答的问题在第40页上。)
7. 分词 (PARTICIPLES)
分词有现在分词和过去分词两种,现在分词是由动词原形 + ing 构成,过去分词通常是由动词原形 + ed 构成,但也可有不规则的形式(见1)。
⑴现在分词和过去分词在意义上的区别
现在分词一般表示主动的正在进行的意义,过去分词被动的完成意义。试比较:
I saw him crossing the road. (我看见他正在穿越公路。)
He felt himself lifted up. ( 他感到自己被抬了起来。)
但部份由不及物动词构成的过去分词只能表示主动的完成意义。例如:
a retired teacher (= a teacher who has retired )
fallen leaves (= leaves that have fallen)
⑵分词的时态和语态
主动式 | 被动式 | |
---|---|---|
一般时 | writing | being written |
完成时 | haveing written | having been wtitten |
⑶用法
a) 作定语。例如:
Is running water pure? (自来水是洁净的吗?)
I looked at my worried mother. (我看着忧虑忡忡的母亲。)
These are ships carrying oil. ( 这些是油船。)
I am reading a book written by Charles Dickens. (我正在看一本查尔斯·狄更斯写的书。)
b) 作表语。例如:
The news is disappointing. (消息令人失望。)
Some of the eggs were broken. (有些蛋碎了。)
c) 作表示时间,原因、条件、行为方式、伴随状况等的状语。例如:
Seeing the police, he ran off. (一看到警察,他跑了。)
Being naturally cautious, he read the letter twice before saying anything. (由于生性谨慎,他在说话之前把信看了两遍。)
Whistling, Tom left the the room. (汤姆吹着口哨离开房间。)
He came back, utterly exhausted. (他筋疲力尽地回来了。)
⑷无依着分词的结构和分词独立结构
a) 无依着的分词结构
当分词结构作状语时,其主句中的主语通常即为分词结构的逻辑主语。例如:
Finishing my lecture, I want home. (我讲完课就回家了。)
在这句句子中 finishing 的逻辑主语是 I ,相当于 when I finkshed my lecture 这样的状语分句,当分词结构没有逻辑主语时,它就成为无依着的分词结构。例如:
Finishing my lecture, the bell rang. (讲完课,铃响了。)
尽管这样的句子在新闻体中经常见到,但也有人认为不是规范的英语,初学者还是避免为好。
b) 独立分词结构
当作状语的分词结构有名词或代词充当其自己的主语时,这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,称为独立分词结构。例如:
The last train having gone, he had to walk home. (由于末班火车已经开走,他只得步行回家。)
The question being settled, we went home. (问题得到解决,我们就回家了。)
8. 动名词 (GERUNDS)
⑴形式
动词原形 + -ing 构成。
⑵用法
动名词系用作名词的动词。例如:
I like walking. (我喜欢散步。)
⑶能带动名词作宾语的常见动词
有avoid,finish,suggest,risk,mind,enjoy,keep,consider,defer,delay,dislike,escape,evade,fancy,favour,include,miss,postpone,resent,resist等。例如:
Do you mind living here? (你住在这里好吗?)
I enjoy lying in the sun. (我喜欢躺在阳光下。)
He delayed answering the letter. (他没有及时回信。)
9. 附加疑问形式和简单回答
⑴附加疑问形式
a) 期待对方同意或证实时,附加疑问形式用降调。
陈述部分 | 附加疑问形式(用降调) |
---|---|
It's a lovely day. | isn't it? |
You're leaving soon, | aren't you? |
They're expensive, | aren't they? |
It was raining yesterday, | wasn't it? |
You were at the party, | weren't you? |
You're got lovely house, | haven't you? |
He got flu, | hasn's he? |
You have two daughters, | don't you? |
He has a house in the country, | doesn't he? |
You have to work hard these days, | don't you? |
He has to drive more carefully now, | doesn't he? |
You‘ve been to England before, | haven't you? |
He's seen that film before, | hasn't he? |
He had an accident last week, | didn't he? |
He had been there before, | hadn't he? |
You live near here, | *don't you? |
She works in the same factroy, | doesn't she? |
You went to Engiand last year, | *didn't you? |
He can cook well, | can't he? |
She could swim when she was five, | couldn't she? |
You'll let me know, | won't you? |
That would be sad, | wouldn't it? |
You mustget up early tomorrow, | mustn't you? |
She should try harder, | souldn't she? |
当然也可以否定的陈述部份和肯定的附加疑问形式。
陈述部分 | 附加疑问形式(用降调) |
---|---|
It isn't very warm today, | is it? |
He doesn't drink at all, | does he? |
b) 当附加疑问形式用升调时,期待的回答可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的,如陈述部份为肯定的,期待肯定的回答。如陈述的部份是否定的,期待否定的回答。例如:
You aren't leaving yet, are you? (期待否定的回答)
She is your sister, isn't she? (期待肯定的回答)
⑵用 SO 或 NEITHER / NOR表示简单的同意
a) 用 so 表示同意肯定的陈述。例如:
A: I'm hungry. B. So am I. (A:我饿了。B:我也饿了。)
A: I live in Shanghai. B: So do I. (A:我住在上海。B:我也住在上海。)
A: I've got a headache. B: So have I. (A:我头痛。B:我也一样。)
b) 用neither或 nor表示同意否定的陈述。例如:
A: I'm not hungry. B: Neither(或nor) am I. (A:我不饿。B:我也不饿。)
A: I don't like fish. B: Neither( 或nor) do I. (A:我不爱吃鱼。B:我也这样。)
注意:在表示同意的陈述中,语序要颠倒。
c) 表示不同意的简单陈述句。例如:
A: I'm not hungry. B: I am. (A:我不饿。B:我可饿了。)
A: I like fish. B: I don't. (A:我爱吃鱼。B:我可不爱吃鱼。)
注意:在表示不同意的陈述中,语序不颠倒。
d) 用 yes 或 no 的简单回答。例如:
A: Do you live here? B: Yes, I do. (A:你住在这里吗?B:是的,我住在这里。)
A: Aren't you tired? B: No. I am not. (A:你不累吗?B:是的,我不累。)
注意:在第二例中的答句汉语通常这样说,“是的,我不累。”但在英语中必须用否定形式。