上句见:Day262
The Story of Philosophy《哲学的故事》第1章Plato第4节IV. The Ethical Problem第4段第5句:
This, of course, is the doctrine which our own day more or less correctly associates with the name of Nietzsche. "Verily I laughed many a time over the weaklings who thought themselves good because they had lame paws."11 Stirner expressed the idea briefly when he said that "a handful of might is better than a bagful of right." Perhaps nowhere in the history of philosophy is the doctrine better formulated than by Plato himself in another dialogue, Gorgias (483 f), where the Sophist Calicoes denounces morality as an invention of the weak to neutralize the strength of the strong.
They distribute praise and censure with a view to their own interests; they say that dishonesty is shameful and unjust — meaning by dishonesty the desire to have more than their neighbors; for knowing their own inferiority, they would be only too glad to have equality…. But if there were a man who had sufficient force [enter the Superman], he would shake off and break through and escape from all this; he would trample under foot all our formulas and spells and charms, and our laws, that sin against nature…. He who would truly live ought to allow his desires to wax to the uttermost; but when they have grown to their greatest he should have courage and intelligence to minister to them, and to satisfy all his longings. And this I affirm to be natural justice and nobility. But the many cannot do this; and therefore they blame such persons, because they are ashamed of their own inability, which they desire to conceal; and hence they call intemperance base…. They enslave the nobler natures, and they praise justice only because they are cowards.**
This justice is a morality not for men but for foot-men (oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos) it is a slave-morality, not a hero-morality; the real virtues of a man are courage (andreia) and intelligence(phronesis).12
11Thus Spake Zarathustra, New York, 1906, P.166
12Gorgias 491; cf. Machiavelli's definition of virtù as intellect plus force.
浙江大学译本:这样的正义是属于愚民的奴隶式道德,而不是适用于君子的英雄式道德。一个人真正的美德是勇气和智慧。①
①《高尔吉亚篇》,第491节;可参考马基雅维利对“美德”的定义:智慧加力量。
解析
1、This justice is a morality not for men but for foot-men (oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos) it is a slave-morality, not a hero-morality;
这种正义是属于侍从、而非自由人的道德(希腊文:oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos),它是种奴隶式道德,而非英雄式的道德;
foot-man: a male servant who lets visitors into a house and serves food at the dinner table(负责开门或上菜的)男仆,侍者
An hour afterwards a footman gave Julien a letter.一小时后,一个仆人给于连一封信。《红与黑》
oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos:这是希腊原文,表示“(这是)属于某个奴隶的(道德),而不是属于人的(道德)”。
oude:“也不、也没有”,起到否定连接的作用;
gar:是一个语气词,通常可以翻译为“因为、确实”,在这里它可能用于加强语气或者表示一种解释说明的口吻。
andros:“男人、人(阳性、单数、属格)”的意思,来源于“aner(男人、人)”这个词,属格形式在这里表示所属关系,可理解为“属于人的”。
all':“而是”的意思,用于对比转折。
andrapodou:“奴隶(阳性、单数、属格)”,和前面的“andros”相对,表明所属关系是“属于奴隶的”。
tinos:“某个”,在这里用于不确定地指代某个奴隶个体。
2、the real virtues of a man are courage (andreia) and intelligence(phronesis).12
一个人真正的美德是勇气(希腊文:andreia)和智慧(希腊文:phronesis)。
3、12Gorgias 491; cf. Machiavelli's definition of virtù as intellect plus force.
12《高尔吉亚篇》第491节,可参考马基雅维利对“美德”的定义:智慧加力量。
这句评价了正义这种道德,以及道出了人类真正的美德。正义非真正的道德,只有勇气与智慧才是。呼应了前面超人用自身的courage与wisdom满足欲望。
这种正义是属于侍从、而非自由人的道德(希腊文:oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos),它是种奴隶式道德,而非英雄式的道德;一个人真正的美德是勇气(希腊文:andreia)和智慧(希腊文:phronesis)。
整段
这段接上段阿色的正义观。作者举出很多类似的观点,最耳熟能详的是尼采的强人观,最类似的莫过于柏拉图自己在《高尔吉亚篇》里阐述的。
当然,这就是我们当今时代多多少少正确地与尼采的名字联系起来的学说。“确实,我时常嘲笑那些弱者,他们因自身软弱就自认为善良。”施蒂纳简洁地表达了这个观点,他说:“一把强权胜过一袋公理”。在哲学史上,也许再没有比柏拉图本人在另一篇对话《高尔吉亚篇》(438节以后)中对这一学说阐述得更好了。在该篇中,智者卡利克勒斯谴责道德是弱者的发明,是为了制衡强者的力量。
他们依据自身利益进行赞扬和指责;他们声称不诚实是可耻的、不公正的——他们所说的不诚实是指想拥有比邻居更多的欲望;因为他们知道自己的劣势,所以会非常乐意大家平等……但倘若有这么一个人,他拥有足够强大的力量(超人登场了),他便会摆脱、冲破并逃离这一切;他会将我们所有违背自然的准则、魔咒以及律法统统践踏在脚下……真正会生活的人应该让自己的欲望尽情滋长;而当欲望膨胀到极致时,他该有勇气及智慧来帮助它们,并满足自己所有的渴望。我断言这才是自然的正义和高尚。然而大多数都无法做到这点;他们因而会谴责这类人,因为对自身的无能感到羞愧,而且渴望隐瞒这一点;所以他们称放纵是卑鄙的……他们奴役更为崇高的天性,而他们赞扬正义只因为他们是懦夫。
这种正义是属于侍从、而非自由人的道德(希腊文:oude gar andros all' andrapodou tinos),它是种奴隶式道德,而非英雄式的道德;一个人真正的美德是勇气(希腊文:andreia)和智慧(希腊文:phronesis)。