psyc 1111 unit 2 notes

________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ogden, J. (2019). The psychology of health and illness: An open access course.  The psychology of health and illness.pdf

Read pages 13-28

unit 2 The role of behavior in health

--- explore the key role for behavior in health and how behavior can be undestood in terms of individual beliefs and a range of psychological models

1. focus on eating behavior to illustrate how psychological theories can be used to describe and explain why we eat what we eat.

A key role for behavior.

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1. behaviroand lifestyle have a potentially major effect on longevity.

2. health behaviors(smoking ,drinking alcohol, diet , sleep, and exercise) are important predictors of health and illness.

3. health beliefs: attempte to understand and predict health-related behaviors

4. health behaviors: are regards as any behavior that is related to the health status of the individual.

Individural beliefs about behavior

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key notes of different types of beliefs

1) attidtudes:

2) beliefs about control:

1. attribution theory states that people want to understand what causes events because this makes the world seem more predictble and controllable.

3) Risk perception:

people hold beliefs about their own susceptibility to a given problem andmake judments concerning the extent to which they are "at risk".

4) beliefs about confidence

self-efficacy is a very powerful predictor of behavior.

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1. The stages of change model

pre-contemplationi/contemplation/ preparation/action/maintenance

1,behavior change as dynamic and not "all or nothing."

2. individuals at different stages of change will differentially focus on either the costs of a behavior or the benefits of the behaviro.

2. The health belief model

-- predicts that behavior is a result of a set of core beliefs, which have been redefined over the years.

1. the current core beliefs :

//susceptibility to illness.

// the severity of the illness

// the costs involved in carrying out the behavior

//the enefits involved in carrying out the behavior

//cues to actioin, which may be internal

//perceived control

//health motivation

3. the Protection Motivation theory

1. expanded the HBM to include additionial factors, particularly fear as an attempt to include an emotional component into the undertanding of health behaviors.

//severity:

//susceptibility

//response effectiveness

// self-efficacy

//fear

2. Predict behavioral intentions which are related to behavior.

3. to predict a range fo health behaviors including exercis, breast self-examination, wearing an eye patch, binge drinking , and pysical activity.

4. Ht PMT assumes that individuals are conscious information processors.

4. The theory of planned behavior

1. TRA emphasizes behavioral intentions as the outcome of a combination of several beliefs.

2. proposes that intentions should be conceptualized as "plans of action in pursuit of behavioral goals"

//attitude towards a behavior/

// subjective norm

// perceived behavioral control

These three factore predict behavioral intentions, which are then linked to behavior.

the TPB also states that perceived behavioral control can have a direct effect on behavior without the mediating effect of behavioral intention.

5. Eating behavior is a key behavior.

/three key theoretical approaches:

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1. Cognition models

-- focus on individual's cognitions and has explored the extent to which cognitions predict and explain behavior.

2. The developmental Model

// exposure

// social learning

// associative learning

3. A weight concern Model of Eating behavior

To conclude

behavior is central to health and ilness and can be predicted by people's beliefs using individual beliefs or models.

Eating behavior is central to many health issues and illustrates how psychology can be used to understand why people behave in the way that they do .

  note 2

  1.

  Patel, N. R., Chew-Graham, C., Bundy, C., Kennedy, A., Blickem, C., & Reeves, D. (2015). Illness beliefs and the sociocultural context of diabetes self-management in British South Asians: A mixed methods study. BMC family practice, 16, 58. https://bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12875-015-0269-y or download the pdf.

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Illness beliefs and the sociocultural context of diabetes self-management in British South Asians: a mixed methods study

1 the study aimed to explore the influence of sociocultural context on illness beliefs and diabetes self-management in british south asians

2. results:

// certain social network characteristics (emotional and illness work) were related to perceived concern, emotional distres and health outcomes.

// fatalistic attitudes and beliefs influences self-management practices and alternative food "therapies" are used which are often recommended by social networks.

3.conclusions:

//diabetes - related illness beliefs and self0-management appear to be shaped by the sociocultural context.

//better understanding of the contextual determinants of behaviour could facilitate the development of culturally appropriate interventions to modify beliefs and support self-management in this population.

4. peopel develop implicit beliefs(cognitions) and emotions about their illness, which consist of five key dimensions:

1/ identity: perception of the label and symptoms of the illness.

2/timelin:duration of the illness.

3/ consequences:

4/ cause: perceptions of the cause of the illness

5/ cure/control:perceptions of cure/controllability.

5. successful self-managment requires an understanding of diabetes.

cultural health beliefs and poor understanding of diabetes have been reported to impede self-management practices resulting in poor diabetes outcomes.