学习笔记-Python装饰器详解

1.什么是装饰器

装饰器实际上就是为了给某程序增添功能,但该程序已经上线或已经被使用,那么就不能大批量的修改源代码,这样是不科学的也是不现实的,因为就产生了装饰器,使得其满足:

  • 不能修改被装饰的函数的源代码

  • 不能修改被装饰的函数的调用方式

  • 满足1、2的情况下给程序增添功能

2.装饰器的组成

<函数+实参高阶函数+返回值高阶函数+嵌套函数+语法糖 = 装饰器 >

3.一切皆对象

  • 首先我们来理解下 Python 中的函数:
def hi(name="yasoob"):
    return "hi " + name
 
print(hi())
# output: 'hi yasoob'
 
# 我们甚至可以将一个函数赋值给一个变量,比如
greet = hi
# 我们这里没有在使用小括号,因为我们并不是在调用hi函数
# 而是在将它放在greet变量里头。我们尝试运行下这个
 
print(greet())
# output: 'hi yasoob'
 
# 如果我们删掉旧的hi函数,看看会发生什么!
del hi
print(hi())
#outputs: NameError
 
print(greet())
#outputs: 'hi yasoob'
  • 在函数中定义函数:
def hi(name="yasoob"):
    print("now you are inside the hi() function")
 
    def greet():
        return "now you are in the greet() function"
 
    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"
 
    print(greet())
    print(welcome())
    print("now you are back in the hi() function")
 
hi()
#output:now you are inside the hi() function
#       now you are in the greet() function
#       now you are in the welcome() function
#       now you are back in the hi() function
 
# 上面展示了无论何时你调用hi(), greet()和welcome()将会同时被调用。
# 然后greet()和welcome()函数在hi()函数之外是不能访问的,比如:
 
greet()
#outputs: NameError: name 'greet' is not defined
  • 从函数中返回函数:
def hi(name="yasoob"):
    def greet():
        return "now you are in the greet() function"
 
    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"
 
    if name == "yasoob":
        return greet
    else:
        return welcome
 
a = hi()
print(a)
#outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500>
 
#上面清晰地展示了`a`现在指向到hi()函数中的greet()函数
#现在试试这个
 
print(a())
#outputs: now you are in the greet() function

在if和else后面返回的是greet 和 welcome,而不是 greet() 和 welcome()。为什么那样?这是因为当你把一对小括号放在后面,这个函数就会执行;然而如果你不放括号在它后面,那它可以被到处传递,并且可以赋值给别的变量而不去执行它

  • 将函数作为参数传给另一个函数:
def hi():
    return "hi yasoob!"
 
def doSomethingBeforeHi(func):
    print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()")
    print(func())
 
doSomethingBeforeHi(hi)
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi()
#        hi yasoob!

4.编辑第一个装饰器

  • 创建第一个装饰器:
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
 
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
 
        a_func()
 
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
 
    return wrapTheFunction
 
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
 
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)
#now a_function_requiring_decoration is wrapped by wrapTheFunction()
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#        I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#        I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

如上代码所示,它们封装一个函数,并且用这样或者那样的方式来修改它的行为。现在你也许疑惑,我们在代码里并没有使用 @ 符号?那只是一个简短的方式来生成一个被装饰的函数。这里是我们如何使用 @ 来运行之前的代码:

@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey you! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#         I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#         I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
 
#the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying:
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)

如果我们运行如下代码会存在一个问题:

print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: wrapTheFunction

Python提供给我们一个简单的函数来解决这个问题,那就是functools.wraps。我们修改上一个例子来使用functools.wraps:

from functools import wraps
 
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
    @wraps(a_func)
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction
 
@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey yo! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")
 
print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: a_function_requiring_decoration

5.我的第一个装饰器

from functools import wraps
def decorator_name(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
        if not can_run:
            return "Function will not run"
        return f(*args, **kwargs)
    return decorated
 
@decorator_name
def func():
    return("Function is running")
 
can_run = True
print(func())
# Output: Function is running
 
can_run = False
print(func())
# Output: Function will not run

注意:@wraps接受一个函数来进行装饰,并加入了复制函数名称、注释文档、参数列表等等的功能。这可以让我们在装饰器里面访问在装饰之前的函数的属性。

6.使用场景

  • 授权(Authorization):
from functools import wraps
 
def requires_auth(f):
    @wraps(f)
    def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
        auth = request.authorization
        if not auth or not check_auth(auth.username, auth.password):
            authenticate()
        return f(*args, **kwargs)
    return decorated
  • 日志(Logging):
from functools import wraps
 
def logit(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def with_logging(*args, **kwargs):
        print(func.__name__ + " was called")
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return with_logging
 
@logit
def addition_func(x):
   """Do some math."""
   return x + x
 
 
result = addition_func(4)
# Output: addition_func was called
  • 在函数中嵌入装饰器:
from functools import wraps
 
def logit(logfile='out.log'):
    def logging_decorator(func):
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapped_function(*args, **kwargs):
            log_string = func.__name__ + " was called"
            print(log_string)
            # 打开logfile,并写入内容
            with open(logfile, 'a') as opened_file:
                # 现在将日志打到指定的logfile
                opened_file.write(log_string + '\n')
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapped_function
    return logging_decorator
 
@logit()
def myfunc1():
    pass
 
myfunc1()
# Output: myfunc1 was called
# 现在一个叫做 out.log 的文件出现了,里面的内容就是上面的字符串
 
@logit(logfile='func2.log')
def myfunc2():
    pass
 
myfunc2()
# Output: myfunc2 was called
# 现在一个叫做 func2.log 的文件出现了,里面的内容就是上面的字符串
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