GCD 是在iOS开发多线程技术里面,使用最简单,执行效率最高的,是相对底层的API,都是c函数。核心是d往ispatch queue里面添加执行的任务,由queue管理任务的执行。
在之前的面试中,经常会被大神问道:用过多线程吗?知道多线程的?知道各种实现多线的方法有什么区别吗?等等。之前只是会用多线程,但是对于面试这一关,只是会用还不够,还需要能把基本知识记住。在这推荐一个帖子,看了就懂个大概了 http://my.oschina.Net/u/2429584/blog/491771
dispatch queue
有两种:串行serial queue
和并行concurrent queue
。无论是哪种queue都是FIFO(先进先出)
一、串行 serial queue
特点:执行queue中的第一个任务,结束后在执行第二个任务,第二个任务结束在执行第三个任务,,,,任何一个任务的执行必须在上一个任务的执行结束后。
1、获取mainQueue。mainQueue会在主线程中执行,即:主线程中执行队列中的各个任务
dispatch_queue_t mainQueue = dispatch_get_main_queue();
dispatch_async(mainQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第1个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mainQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第2个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mainQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第3个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mainQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第4个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mainQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第5个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
2 、 自己创建serial queue。//自己创建的serial queue不会在主线程中执行,queue会开辟一个子线程,在子线程中执行队列中的各个任务
dispatch_queue_t mySerialQueue = dispatch_queue_create("MySerialQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
dispatch_async(mySerialQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第1个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mySerialQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第2个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mySerialQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第3个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mySerialQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第4个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(mySerialQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第5个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
二、并行 concurrent
queue是另外一种队列。其特点:队列中的任 务,第一个先执行,不等第一个执行完毕,第二个就开始执行了,不等第二个任务执行完毕,第三个就开始执行了,以此类推。后面的任务执行的晚,但是不会等前面的执行完才执行。
获得concurrent queue
的方法有2种:
1、获得global queue。
//第一个参数控制globalQueue的优先级,一共有4个优先级DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH、DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT、DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_LOW、DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND。第二个参数是苹果预留参数,未来会用,目前填写为0
dispatch_queue_t globalQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第1个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第2个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第3个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第4个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第5个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第6个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第7个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第8个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第9个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(globalQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第10个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
2、自己创建concurrent queue
dispatch_queue_t myConcurrentQueue = dispatch_queue_create("MyConcurrentQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第1个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第2个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第3个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第4个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第5个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第6个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第7个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第8个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第9个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第10个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//在block里写要执行的任务(代码)
concurrent queue会根据需要开辟若干个线程,并行执行队列中的任务(开始较晚的任务未必最后结束,开始较早的任务未必最先完成),开辟的线程数量 取决于多方面因素,比如:任务的数量,系统的内存资源等等,会以最优的方式开辟线程---根据需要开辟适当的线程。
延时调用
- (void)after{
double delayInSeconds = 3.0;
dispatch_time_t popTime = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)(delayInSeconds * NSEC_PER_SEC));
// dispatch_after(popTime, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){
// NSLog(@"Hello");
// });//dispatch_after函数是延迟执行某个任务,任务既可以在mainQueue中进行也可以在其他queue中进行.既可以在serial队列里执行也可以在concurrent队列里执行。
dispatch_queue_t myConcurrentQueue = dispatch_queue_create("MyConcurrentQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_after(popTime, myConcurrentQueue, ^(void){
NSLog(@"world");
});
}
若干任务执行完之后,想执行某任务
- (void)group
{
dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
dispatch_queue_t myConcurrentQueue = dispatch_queue_create("MyConcurrentQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
//dispatch_group_async用于把不同的任务归为一组
//dispatch_group_notify当指定组的任务执行完毕之后,执行给定的任务
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第1个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第2个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第3个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第4个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第5个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第6个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_notify(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"group中的任务都执行完毕之后,执行此任务。所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//dispatch_group_notify group中的任务都执行完毕之后,执行的任务
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第7个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_group_async(group, myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"第8个任务,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
}
数据安全
为了保证访问同一个数据时,数据的安全,我们可以使用serial queue解决数据安全访问的问题。
//serial queue的缺陷是:后面的任务 必须等待 前面的任务 执行完毕 才能执行
//对于往数据库写入数据 使用serial queue无疑能保证数据的安全。
//对于从数据库中读取数据,使用serial queue就不太合适了,效率比较低。使用concurrent queue无疑是最合适的。
//真实的项目中,通常既有对数据库的写入,又有数据库的读取。
//下面给出了 既有数据库数据读取,又有数据库数据写入的处理方法dispatch_barrier_async
- (void)barrier{
dispatch_queue_t myConcurrentQueue = dispatch_queue_create("MyConcurrentQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取一些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取另外一些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取这些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取那些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_barrier_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"写入某些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});//dispatch_barrier_async就像一道墙,之前的任务都并行执行,执行完毕之后,执行barrier中的任务,之后的任务也是并行执行。
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取XXX数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取OOXX数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取aaa数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, ^{
NSLog(@"读取bbb数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
}
来一段swift代码
let myConcurrentQueue : dispatch_queue_t = dispatch_queue_create("MyConcurrentQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT)
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取一些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取另外一些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取这些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取那些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})
dispatch_barrier_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("写入某些数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})//dispatch_barrier_async就像一道墙,之前的任务都并行执行,执行完毕之后,执行barrier中的任务,之后的任务也是并行执行。
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取XXX数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取OOXX数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread
)
})
///当然也可以这样
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, {
print("读取aaa数据,所在线程\(NSThread.currentThread()),是否是主线程:\(NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread))")
})
dispatch_async(myConcurrentQueue, { print("读取bbb数据,所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",NSThread.currentThread(),NSThread.currentThread().isMainThread)
})
GCD中提供了API让某个任务执行若干次。
- (void)apply {
NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"红楼梦",@"水浒传",@"三国演义",@"西游记", nil];
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_apply([array count], queue, ^(size_t index) {
NSLog(@"%@所在线程%@,是否是主线程:%d",[array objectAtIndex:index],[NSThread currentThread],[[NSThread currentThread] isMainThread]);
});
}
dispatch_once 用于定义那些只需要执行一次的代码,比如单例的创建
- (void)once
{
static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
NSLog(@"只执行一次");
//这个block里的代码,在程序执行过程中只会执行一次。
//比如在这里些单例的初始化
// static YourClass *instance = nil;
// instance = [[YourClass alloc] init];
});
}
GCD里有一些API是dispatch_sync
//dispatch_async
无需等block执行完,继续执行dispatch_async后面的代码
//dispatch_sync
必须等block执行完,才继续执行dispatch_sync后面的代码
- (void)syn
{
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
// dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
// for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
// NSLog(@"%d",i);
// }
// });
// NSLog(@"haha");
dispatch_async(queue, ^{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
NSLog(@"%d",i);
}
});
NSLog(@"haha");
}
dispatch_async_f
往队列里放函数指针,队列控制相应函数的执行,不在是控制block的执行
void function (NSString * str){
NSLog(@"调用一个函数指针 参数是%@",str);
}
- (void)functionPoint
{
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
dispatch_async_f(queue, @"你好", function);//函数指针对应的函数类型:必须没有返回值,参数必须是void *。函数指针对应的参数,由dispatch_async_f第二个参数提供,可以是任意对象类型。
}
fun dispatch_asysn_f(_ queue: dispatch_queue_t!,_ content: UnsafeMutablePointer<void>,_ work : dispatch_function_t)
queue 提交到的队列,队列的类型决定了是串行还是并行执行队列中的任务
context 传递给work的参数
work 执行的函数(C语言函数)