独立主格（写作必备口语必会）
本质：非谓语动词逻辑主语与主句（干）主语不同有自己独立的主语
独立主格=逻辑主语+非谓语动词
1. 常见的构成形式有
（1）名词或代词+ 现在分词 （表主动）
Time permitting, we shall have a picnic this weekend.
逻辑主语现在分词
条件状语
如果时间（天气）允许的话，我们周末去野餐。
If time permits, we shall have a picnic this weekend.
条件状语从句
Aluminium being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired. 铝很软，所以我们很容易地将它压成所需要的形状。
逻辑主语现在分词短语
原因状语
Because aluminium is very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired
原因状语从句
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
逻辑主语现在分词短语
时间状语
做出决定后，下一个问题是如何作出一个好的计划。
After he decision had been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan
时间状语从句
（2）名词或代词+ 过去分词（表被动）
The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.
After the experiment had been done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.
实验做完后，学生们在实验报告中继续作记录。
The job finished, we went home straight away.
After the job had been finished, we went home straight away.
工作结束后，我们便立即回了家。
The sum added, we’ll have enough money for the trip.
If the sum is added, we’ll have enough money for the trip.
如果加上这笔钱，我们旅行的费用就足够了。
注意：用现在分词还是过去分词，要看前面的名词或代词与后面动词的关系：是主谓关系，即名词代
词作了动词的逻辑主语，就用v.-ing 形式；若是动宾关系，即名词或代词是动词的逻辑宾语，用v.-ed 形式。
（3）名词或代词+ 形容词（状语从句中系动词的省略）
He entered the room, his nose red with cold. 他进到房间里，鼻子冻得红红的。
时间状语
He entered the room, while his nose was red with cold
时间状语从句
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，半张着嘴。
时间状语
He sat in the front row, while his mouth was half open.他坐在前排，半张着嘴。 特殊句子
时间状语从句
The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of them over 600 years old.
The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,and all of them are over 600 years old.
并列句
The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,all of which are over 600 years old.
定语从句
英格兰发现的最大收藏是20 万枚银制便士，它们都有六百余年的历史。
（4）名词或代词+ 副词（状语从句中系动词的省略）
Dinner over, we decide to play bridge. 吃过晚饭，我们决定打桥牌。
After dinner is over, we decide to play bridge
The meal over, prays were read by Miss Miller. 饭后，米勒小姐开始读祈祷文。
After the meal had been over, prays were read by Miss Miller
（5）名词或代词+ 介词短语 （状语从句中系动词的省略）
The teacher came into the classroom, book in hand. 老师尽了教室，手里拿着书。注意：名词前不需要冠词。
The teacher came into the classroom, while book was in hand
The teacher came back suddenly, book in hand. 教师手里拿着书突然回来了。
The teacher came back suddenly, while book was in hand
In half an hour Delia came, her right in a bandage. 半小时后，迪莉娅回来了，她右手缠着绷带。
In half an hour Delia came, while her right was in a bandage
As quickly as they could, the men ran to the steps and up into the open, many of them with their clothes on fire.
As quickly as they could, the men ran to the steps and up into the open, while many of them with their clothes were on fire.
人们尽快地跑向楼梯，爬到户外，许多人的衣服都烧着了。
（6）名词或代词+ 不定式。(表将来)
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely twelve.
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, beacuse the procession will start moving at precisely twelve.
我们必须在十点四十五分集合，游行队伍在十二点整开始出发。
I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, the rest to follow within a month.
I send you today three fourths of the sum agreed upon between us, and the rest will follow within a month.
我今天把我们之间已商定的金额总数的四分之三寄给你，余下的部分将在一个月内寄去。
A large number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.
A large number of officials followed the emperor and some would hold his robe and others would adjust his girdle, and so on.
许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的给他拎着衣服，有的给他整理腰带等。
The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
The two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle and the details would be worked out later.
对方首先应该就基本的原则性问题达成协议，细节以后再订。
2.with/without + 复合宾语结构
with+逻辑主语+非谓语动词短语/形容词/介词短语/副词/不定式/名词/
with的复合结构在句中作状语或定语等，构成形式只是在独立主格结构前+with，语法功能与独立主格结构相同，但独立主格结构中的作逻辑主语的代词用主格，而 with，without，like 等介词复合结构中的逻辑主语用名词或宾语代词。如：
（1）with + 名词/代词 + 分词。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。
状语（介宾短语）
宾语宾补
With Peter working in Birmingham, and Lucy traveling most of the week, the house seems pretty empty.
彼得在伯明翰工作，而露西这周对半时间到处跑，屋里显得空空的。
比较：
As time goes on, our life is becoming more beautiful.
时间状语从句
With time going on, our life is becoming more beautiful.
伴随状语
伴随着时间的推移，我们的生活变得更加美好。
（2）with + 名词/代词 + 形容词。（系动词的省略）
He stared at me with his mouth open. 他张着嘴，凝视着我。
（3）with + 名词/代词 + 介词短语。 （系动词的省略）
He stood with his hand in his pocket. 他站着，一只手插在衣袋里。
注意：与独立主格结构的区别。
He ran into the house, sword in hand.（名词sword 前没有冠词）
He ran into the house, with a sword in his right hand. （名词sword 前有冠词）
（4）with + 名词/代词 + 副词。 （系动词的省略）
The boy stood there, with his head down. 这个男孩站在那儿，低着头。
（5）with + 名词/代词 + 不定式 （系动词的省略）
With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 由于没有人说话，约翰感到很悲哀。
（6）with + 名词/代词 + 名词 （系动词的省略）
She died with her son (being) yet a school boy. 她去世时儿子还在上学读书。
with 的复合结构还有可能作定语。
Troy was a strong city with a great and thick wall around it. 特洛伊是一座周围有又大又厚的城墙围绕的坚固城市。
[if !supportLists]3. [endif]逻辑主语笼统型独立自主格
一种语言简化方式
（people/we/they）Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.
（people/we/they）Strictly speaking, this is not a right answer.
（people/we/they）Judging from his accent, he must be from England.
4.不能省略being的情况
there being/代词+ being
①当独立主格的主语是代词时
As it is a holiday, all the shops are shut.
It beinga holiday all the shops are shut.由于是假日，所有商店都关门了。
②therebe结构中
As there is no bus, we have to watk home.
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。
