源码地址:https://github.com/wilfordw/phpTutorial
该系列我只写我的理解,非官方解释,如不够专业请见谅
PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits
出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。
PHP5.4以后有了Traits
,才解决了这一问题。
通过在类中使用use
关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait
关键词,Trait不能直接实例化,Trait的存在更类似于接口和抽象类
以下是循序渐进给出几个trait的实践
<?php
//trait 与 继承
trait Drive {
public $carName = 'trait';
public function driving() {
echo "driving {$this->carName}\n";
}
}
class Person {
public function eat() {
echo "eat\n";
}
}
class Student extends Person {
use Drive;
public function study() {
echo "study\n";
}
}
$student = new Student();
$student->study();//study
$student->eat();//eat
$student->driving();//driving trait
上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了eat方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName
<?php
//同名属性或方法 当前类覆盖trait trait覆盖基类
trait Drive {
public function hello() {
echo "hello drive\n";
}
public function driving() {
echo "driving from drive\n";
}
}
class Person {
public function hello() {
echo "hello person\n";
}
public function driving() {
echo "driving from person\n";
}
}
class Student extends Person {
use Drive;
public function hello() {
echo "hello student\n";
}
}
$student = new Student();
$student->hello();//hello student
$student->driving();//driving from drive
当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
<?php
//多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法
trait Trait1 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait1::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait1::hi\n";
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait2::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait2::hi\n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Trait1, Trait2;
}
//产生致命错误
//Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in /Users/wilford/Sites/phpTutorial/traits/example3.php on line 19
当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
<?php
trait Trait1 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait1::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait1::hi\n";
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait2::hello\n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait2::hi\n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;//用insteadof解决冲突
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
}
}
class Class2 {
use Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
Trait2::hi as hei;//用as修改别名
Trait1::hello as hehe;
}
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello();//Trait2::hello
$Obj1->hi();//Trait1::hi
echo "\n";
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello();//Trait2::hello
$Obj2->hi();//Trait1::hi
$Obj2->hei();//Trait2::hi
$Obj2->hehe();//Trait1::hello
使用
insteadof
和as
操作符来解决冲突,insteadof
是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as
是给方法取一个别名
<?php
trait Hello {
public function hello() {
echo "hello,trait\n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Hello {
hello as protected; //as修改方法访问权限
}
}
class Class2 {
use Hello {
Hello::hello as private hi;
}
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
// $Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello(); # 原来的hello方法仍然是公共的
//$Obj2->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
as
关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法的访问控制:
<?php
trait Hello {
public function sayHello() {
echo "Hello\n";
}
}
trait World {
use Hello;
public function sayWorld() {
echo "World\n";
}
abstract public function getWorld();//抽象方法
public function inc() {
static $c = 0;//静态变量
$c = $c + 1;
echo "$c\n";
}
public static function doSomething() {//静态方法
echo "Doing something\n";
}
}
class HelloWorld {
use World;
public function getWorld() {
return 'get World';
}
}
$Obj = new HelloWorld();
$Obj->sayHello();#Hello
$Obj->sayWorld();#World
echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n";#get World
HelloWorld::doSomething();#Doing something
$Obj->inc();#1
$Obj->inc();#2
Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法
到此已经把Traits的用法介绍的差不多了。Traits是一个很重要的特征,很多大型框架都在用比如Laveral,需要熟练掌握