1. 引入
- 视图是一张虚拟表,它表示一张表的部分或多张表的综合的结构。
- 视图仅仅是表结构,没有表数据。视图的结构和数据建立在表的基础上。
2. 视图
2.1 创建视图
语法:
create [or replace] view 视图的名称
as
select 语句
例题:
mysql> create view vw_stu
-> as
-> select stuname,stusex,writtenexam,labexam from stuinfo inner join stumarks using(stuno);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
多学一招:因为视图是一个表结构,所以创建视图后,会在数据库文件夹中多一个与视图名同名的.frm文件
2.2 使用视图
视图是一张虚拟表,视图的用法和表的用法是一样的。
mysql> select * from vw_stu;
+--------------+--------+-------------+---------+
| stuname | stusex | writtenexam | labexam |
+--------------+--------+-------------+---------+
| 李斯文 | 女 | 80 | 58 |
| 李文才 | 男 | 50 | 90 |
| 欧阳俊雄 | 男 | 65 | 50 |
| 张秋丽 | 男 | 77 | 82 |
| 争青小子 | 男 | 56 | 48 |
+--------------+--------+-------------+---------+
2.3 查看视图的结构
语法:
desc 视图名
例题:
mysql> desc vw_stu;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| stuname | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| stusex | char(2) | NO | | NULL | |
| writtenexam | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| labexam | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2.4 查看创建视图的语法
语法:
show create view 视图名
例题:
mysql> show create view vw_stu\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
View: vw_stu
Create View: CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED DEFINER=`root`@`%` SQL SECURITY DEFINER VIEW `vw_stu` AS select `stuinfo`.`stuName` AS `stuname`,`stuinfo`.`stuSex` AS `stusex`,`stumarks`.`writtenExam` AS `writtenexam`,`stumarks`.`labExam` AS `labexam` from (`stuinfo` join `stumarks` on((`stuinfo`.`stuNo` = `stumarks`.`stuNo`)))
character_set_client: utf8
collation_connection: utf8_general_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.5 显示所有视图
#方法一:
mysql> show tables;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_itcast |
+------------------+
| stu |
| stuinfo |
| stumarks |
| t1 |
| t2 |
| vw_stu |
# 方法二
mysql> select table_name from information_schema.views;
+------------+
| table_name |
+------------+
| vw_stu |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)
+------------------+
#方法三
mysql> show table status where comment='view' \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: vw_stu
Engine: NULL
Version: NULL
Row_format: NULL
Rows: NULL
Avg_row_length: NULL
Data_length: NULL
Max_data_length: NULL
Index_length: NULL
Data_free: NULL
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: NULL
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: NULL
Checksum: NULL
Create_options: NULL
Comment: VIEW
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.6 更改视图
语法:
alter view 视图名
as
select 语句
例题:
mysql> alter view vw_stu
-> as
-> select * from stuinfo;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2.7 删除视图
语法:
drop view [if exists] 视图1,视图2,…
例题:
mysql> drop view vw_stu;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
2.8 视图的作用
- 筛选数据,放置未经许可访问敏感数据
- 隐藏表结构
- 降低SQL语句的复杂度
2.9 视图的算法
场景:找出语文成绩最高的男生和女生
我们可以将子查询封装到视图中:
mysql> create view vw_stu
-> as
-> select * from stu order by ch desc;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
可以将上面的子查询更改成视图,但是结果不对:
mysql> select * from vw_stu group by stusex;
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | 张秋丽 | 男 | 18 | 1 | 北京 | 80 | NULL |
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
原因:这是因为视图的算法造成的
- merge:合并算法,将视图的语句和外层的语句合并后在执行。
- temptable:临时表算法,将视图生成一个临时表,再执行外层语句
- undefined:未定义,MySQL到底用merge还是用temptable由MySQL决定,这是一个默认的算法,一般视图都会选择merge算法,因为merge效率高。
解决:在创建视图的时候指定视图的算法
create algorithm=temptable view 视图名
as
select 语句
指定算法创建视图
mysql> create algorithm=temptable view vw_stu
-> as
-> select * from stu order by ch desc;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from vw_stu group by stusex; # 结果是一致的
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25321 | Tabm | 女 | 23 | 9 | 河北 | 88 | 77 |
| s25318 | 争青小子 | 男 | 26 | 6 | 天津 | 86 | 92 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+