文/K 书中的羊生生
（使用说明：本系列“用英语学法语”材料是国外青少年专供、付费课程专业网站study.com付费会员专属资料，用英语写成。
撰稿人通常是具有相关领域资质的授课教师，比如这篇资料的作者：
Instructor: Andrew Diamond
Andrew has worked as an instructional designer and adjunct instructor. He has a doctorate in higher education and a master's degree in educational psychology.
所以这些资料内容还是比较可靠的，而且资料行文通俗易懂，不像学校里的一些教科书，讲解生涩，为了撰写而撰写，而不怎么顾虑到读者的接受度和感受。
羊生生的初衷是把注解过的、相比之下更容易理解的付费英文资料放出来，这样有一定英语底子、且有意学法语的小伙伴就能免费学习这个课程啦。
注解的内容可以是羊生生对于某一个点的感想、联想，也有可能是关于某一个词汇的“深度挖掘”—— 尽可能查出关于这个词汇的“一切”，一切意思、词源、甚至是尽量包罗万象的语境。
这听上去真有点难以做到，但“一切”真正代表的是这样的表述背后，此时此刻羊生生想要了解某一个具体而微词汇知识的“冲动”，或者说，心理动力。
这么一说，好像让还没露面的内容更加“玄乎”了—— 千言万语化作一句话，没事儿，看就对了！
再插一句嘴，用英语学法语实在是有太多便利，在你基本已经掌握好了英语的前提下。当然英语基础还不扎实的羊友可以通过这个文集一边学英文、一边学法语，虽然可能会感到不适，如果能忍耐、有足够的耐力，也不是没有可行性。
因为法语当中有太多词汇拼写实在太像英语，但又需要走心研究其中的意义差别和拼写差异，这是直接用我们的母语中文来接近法语这条路径所不具备的优势哦。
大家对“用英语学法语”这个文集有什么建议或者意见，都可以在评论区提出，羊生生会想尽办法在能力所及范围之内满足大家的学习需求！Enjoy et amusez-vous ~ ）
French Transition Words
Transition words connect ideas to each other, helping the listener make sense of what we say. This article will teach you some French transition words and give examples of how to use them.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Simon was bored. He was hungry. He went to the kitchen to look for some food. Chips were looking pretty good. Simon reached for some cookies.
What's going on with this paragraph? Why does it read so clumsily（笨拙地）？
It's missing conjunctive adverbs （ 连接副词；连接性副词）
Conjunctive adverbs - or transition words - are words or phrases that connect two ideas, sentences or paragraphs and give the listener important information about how those ideas relate to each other.
（所以过渡词的本质是副词，而且是一种专门链接上下文内容的副词。）
Here's how that same paragraph would read with some transition words added in:
Simon was bored. He was also hungry. Therefore he went to the kitchen to look for some food. Chips were looking pretty good; however, Simon reached for some cookies.
What Transition Words Do
Transition words do all sorts of things. They can add one idea to another, as in the second sentence above: also adds one idea (hunger) to the previous idea (boredom).
They can add a result, like the third sentence - as a result of Simon's hunger, he went to the kitchen. They can also contrast (n. 明显的差异；对比；对照；明显不同的人(或事物)；(摄影或绘画中的)颜色反差，明暗对比
v.对比；对照；(靠近或作比较时)显出明显的差异，形成对比) two ideas, as in the fourth example - chips look good, but he went with cookies instead.
Learning French transition words will help you communicate your ideas in French clearly and more easily.
Combine Ideas
Transition words can help us add one idea to another.
Simon aimait les cookies ainsi que gâteau.
(aimait,单三过去式形式，“爱过”，它经常出现在语境中的用法有：
On s'aimait, 意思是we loved each other, we were in love, 比如：
On s'aimait, votre mère et moi.
We loved each other, your mum and me.
On s'aimait, c'est devenu affectif.
We were in love; Things got emotional.)
SEE-mone AY-may lay COOK-eez ahn-SEE kay GEH-too.
Simon liked cookies as well as cake.
Ainsi indicates that we are building on the first idea presented in the sentence. We are adding cake to cookies.
Additional words that add include:
in addition en outre ahn OOH-truh
and et ay
also aussi OOH-see
Proceed an Example
Certain transition words lead up to an explanation or illustration.
Par example, il jouissait .
jouissait—— third-person singular imperfect indicative of jouir ( to enjoy)
(维基百科关于jouir的词源介绍：
From Middle French jouir, jouïr, iouyr, from Old French joïr, from Vulgar Latin *gaudīre (*gaudiō), from Latin gaudēre, present active infinitive of gaudeō. Doublet of gaudir, which was a borrowing.）
Pahr eggs-AHMPL, eel zhoo-ee-SAY GEH-too OH-pair-ah.
For example, he enjoyed opéra cake.
（gâteau opéra, 或者它的英译，opéra cake, 欧培拉蛋糕）
You know that you are going to get an example of Simon's love of cookies and cake because we preface the sentence with par example. Other words that can set up an illustration of an idea include:
in other words autrement dit OOH-truh-MAHN dee
in fact en fait ahn fay
specifically spécifiquement speh-see-FEEK-mahn
Preface an Opinion
Transition words can also indicate that you're about to give your personal opinion about something.
Pour moi, profiteroles (泡芙）sont mieux.
Poor mwah, pro-FEET-er-ole sahn myew.
In my opinion, profiteroles are better.
You don't have to agree about whether profiteroles, cakes or cookies are better, because you know that this is just one man's opinion. You could also say:
I think je pense que zhuh pahns kuh
personally personnellement pair-SUN-ehl-uh-mahn
for my part pour ma part poor ma pa(r)
Order Ideas
Some transition words indicate the sequence or order in which things happened.
D'abord, Simon a mangé les cookies.
Dah-BORE, SEE-mone mahn-JAY luh COOK-eez.
First, Simon ate the cookies.
This very clearly indicates that the cookies came first.
Puis il a mangé un gâteau.
Pwee eel uh mahn-JAY ahn GEH-too.
Then he ate a cake.
These two transition words combine to give you the order in which Simon ate these things. Here are some additional transition words that indicate a sequence of events:
first d'abord Dah-BORE
second deuxième DUH-zyem
third troisième TWAH-zyem
after après AH-pray
later plus tard ploo tahr
last dernier DEHN-yay
Illustrate Cause and Effect
Other transition words illustrate what caused a certain result.
En conséquence, il a mal au ventre.
Ahn CAHN-say-cahnse, eel ah mal ah vahnt(ruh).
As a result, his stomach hurt.
Here, we are explaining the result of all the eating Simon has been doing. Some other French transition words that illustrate cause and effect include:
therefore donc dohnk
thus ainsi AHN-see
for that reason pour cette raison poor seht RAY-zon
Compare and Contrast
Sometimes we use a transition word to contrast or compare two ideas.
Il voulait manger plus. Cependant, il a mal au ventre.
(voulait—— wanted, third-person singular imperfect indicative of vouloir)
(维基百科里vouloir的词源解释：
From Old French voloir, voleir, from Vulgar Latin *volēre, present active infinitive of *voleō, from Classical Latin volō, velle, from Proto-Italic *welō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁-.）
Eel voo-LAY mahn-JAY ploos. Suh-pahn-DAHNT, eel ah mal ah vahnt(ruh).
He wanted to eat more. However, his stomach hurt.
The word cependant lets you know that these are contrasting ideas: eating more and stomach pain. You could also use:
but mais may (这里的may是作者注解的Maia美式字母读音，不是单词奧。）
on the other hand en revanche ahn RAY-vahncsh
similarly de même dooeh mehm
Review/Summarize
Transition words can also indicate that you are about to summarize what you've just explained.
En bref, Simon était un cochon.
Ahn breff, SEE-mone ay-TATE ahn kuh-SHAHN.
In short, Simon was a pig.
We're indicating that we're wrapping things up and summarizing what we've just said by starting this sentence with en bref. Some other words and phrases that show that you're reviewing what you just said or concluding your story are:
finally enfin AHN-fahn
when all is said and done tout compte fait too kahmpt fay
in conclusion en conclusion ahn kahn-CLOOZ-yeoon
Lesson Summary
Conjunctive adverbs, or transition words, help us link our ideas and thoughts to one another in a way that makes sense. They can set up an explanation, using a phrase like par example, 'for example.' They can let the reader know you are about to give your opinion about something, like pour moi, or 'in my opinion.' They can make clear the sequence of events, like d'abord, which means 'first.' They can explain cause and effect, like en consequence, or 'as a result.' They can compare or contrast one idea to another, as in dependent, which means 'however,' and they can indicate a summary of what was said, using phrases like en bref, meaning 'in short.'
