Python web frameworks
https://wiki.python.org/moin/WebFrameworks/
Types of framework architectures
Model–view–controller (MVC)
Many frameworks follow the MVC architectural pattern to separate the data modelwith business rules from the user interface. This is generally considered a good practice as it modularizes code, promotes code reuse, and allows multiple interfaces to be applied. In web applications, this permits different views to be presented, such as web pages for humans, and web service interfaces for remote applications.
Push-based vs. pull-based[edit]
Most MVC frameworks follow a push-based architecture also called "action-based". These frameworks use actions that do the required processing, and then "push" the data to the view layer to render the results.[6] Django, Ruby on Rails, Symfony, Spring MVC, Stripes, Diamond, CodeIgniter[7] are good examples of this architecture. An alternative to this is pull-based architecture, sometimes also called "component-based". These frameworks start with the view layer, which can then "pull" results from multiple controllers as needed. In this architecture, multiple controllers can be involved with a single view. Lift, Tapestry, JBoss Seam, JavaServer Faces, (µ)Micro, and Wicket are examples of pull-based architectures. Play, Struts, RIFE, and ZK have support for both push- and pull-based application controller calls
Three-tier organization
In three-tier organization, applications are structured around three physical tiers: client, application, and database.[8][9][10][11] The database is normally an RDBMS. The application contains the business logic, running on a server and communicates with the client using HTTP.[12] The client on web applications is a web browser that runs HTML generated by the application layer.[13][14] The term should not be confused with MVC, where, unlike in three-tier architecture, it is considered a good practice to keep business logic away from the controller, the "middle layer".
Web框架的本质
一个socket服务端，用户的浏览器其实就是一个socket客户端。
import socket
def handle_request(client):
buf = client.recv(1024)
client.send("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n")
client.send("Hello, Seven")
def main():
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.bind(('localhost',8000))
sock.listen(5)
while True:
connection, address = sock.accept()
handle_request(connection)
connection.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
上述通过socket来实现了其本质，而对于真实开发中的python web程序来说，一般会分为两部分：服务器程序和应用程序。服务器程序负责对socket服务器进行封装，并在请求到来时，对请求的各种数据进行整理。应用程序则负责具体的逻辑处理。为了方便应用程序的开发，就出现了众多的Web框架，例如：Django、Flask、web.py 等。不同的框架有不同的开发方式，但是无论如何，开发出的应用程序都要和服务器程序配合，才能为用户提供服务。这样，服务器程序就需要为不同的框架提供不同的支持。这样混乱的局面无论对于服务器还是框架，都是不好的。对服务器来说，需要支持各种不同框架，对框架来说，只有支持它的服务器才能被开发出的应用使用。这时候，标准化就变得尤为重要。我们可以设立一个标准，只要服务器程序支持这个标准，框架也支持这个标准，那么他们就可以配合使用。一旦标准确定，双方各自实现。这样，服务器可以支持更多支持标准的框架，框架也可以使用更多支持标准的服务器。
WSGI（Web Server Gateway Interface）是一种规范，它定义了使用python编写的web app与web server之间接口格式，实现web app与web server间的解耦。
python标准库提供的独立WSGI服务器称为wsgiref。
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
def RunServer(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
return [bytes('<h1>Hello, web!</h1>', encoding='utf-8'), ]
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('', 8000, RunServer)
print("Serving HTTP on port 8000...")
httpd.serve_forever()
自定义web框架
通过Python的标准库提供的wsgiref自己开发一个web框架
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
def index():
return 'index'
def login():
return 'login'
def routers():
urlpatterns = (
('/index/',index),
('/login/',login),
)
return urlpatterns
def RunServer(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
url = environ['PATH_INFO']
urlpatterns = routers()
func = None
for item in urlpatterns:
if item[0] == url:
func = item[1]
break
if func:
return func()
else:
return '404 not found'
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('', 8000, RunServer)
print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
httpd.serve_forever()
2、模板引擎
在上一步骤中，对于所有的login、index均返回给用户浏览器一个简单的字符串，在现实的Web请求中一般会返回一个复杂的符合HTML规则的字符串，所以我们一般将要返回给用户的HTML写在指定文件中，然后再返回。如：
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Index</h1>
</body>
</html>
login.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang="en">
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="text" />
<input type="text" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
def index():
# return 'index'
f = open('index.html')
data = f.read()
return data
def login():
# return 'login'
f = open('login.html')
data = f.read()
return data
def routers():
urlpatterns = (
('/index/', index),
('/login/', login),
)
return urlpatterns
def run_server(environ, start_response):
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
url = environ['PATH_INFO']
urlpatterns = routers()
func = None
for item in urlpatterns:
if item[0] == url:
func = item[1]
break
if func:
return func()
else:
return '404 not found'
if __name__ == '__main__':
httpd = make_server('', 8000, run_server)
print "Serving HTTP on port 8000..."
httpd.serve_forever()
