In 1971, psychologists created one of the most important experiments in the history of psychology.
1971年，心理学家创造了心理学史上最重要的实验之一。

The experiment, known as the Stanford prison experiment, looked at the impact of situations on human behavior.
这个实验被称为斯坦福监狱实验，研究情境对人类行为的影响。

The researchers, led by Philip Zimbardo, wanted to know how situations could affect how people behave.
由菲利普·津巴多领导的研究人员想要了解情境如何影响人们的行为。

In particular, they wanted to know if good people would change their personalities and lose their values.
特别是，他们想知道好人是否会改变他们的性格并失去他们的价值观。

In the experiment, participants were divided into 2 groups.
在实验中，参与者被分为两组。

One group became prison guards and the other group became prison inmates.
一组成为监狱看守，另一组成为监狱囚犯。

What kind of the experiment was it? –It's was a psychology experiment.
这是什么类型的实验？——这是一个心理学实验。

The experiment was set up in Stanford University psychology building.
实验在斯坦福大学心理学大楼内进行。

A group of 24 students was chosen to play the roles, 12 guards and 12 prisoners.
选择了24名学生来扮演角色，12名看守和12名囚犯。

The students came from a large group of volunteers, who wanted to participate in a psychology experiment.
这些学生来自一大群想要参与心理学实验的志愿者。

Those who were chosen had no criminal background, and had no significant medical or psychological problems.
被选中的人没有犯罪背景，也没有重大的医疗或心理问题。

They agreed to participate in the experiment for one to two weeks period.
他们同意参与为期一到两周的实验。

-What's another word for significant? –important.
-significant的另一个词是什么？——重要的。

The experiment was scheduled to last one to two weeks.
实验计划持续一到两周。

The prisoners had to remain in prison 24 hours a day during the experiment.
在实验期间，囚犯必须一天24小时待在监狱里。

Guards worked in teams of three and assigned to work in 8-hour shifts.
看守三人一组工作，被安排轮班工作8小时。

Unlike the prisoners, they were free to return to their homes between shifts.
与囚犯不同，他们可以在轮班之间自由回家。

Hidden cameras and microphones were used to observe the behaviors of both prisoners and guards.
使用隐藏的摄像头和麦克风来观察囚犯和看守的行为。

-Which group had to work in 8-hour shifts? –the guards.
-哪一组必须轮班工作8小时？——看守。

Hidden cameras and microphones were used to observe the prisoners and guards.
使用隐藏的摄像头和麦克风来观察囚犯和看守。

The prisoners had to remain in prison for the duration of the experiment.
囚犯必须在整个实验期间待在监狱里。

The simulated prison included three small prison cells, six feet by nine feet.
模拟监狱包括三个小牢房，六英尺乘九英尺。

Each cell had three small beds and held three prisoners.
每个牢房有三张小床，关押三名囚犯。

There was also a closet that served as a solitary confinement room.
还有一个壁橱作为单独禁闭室。

This was used to isolate prisoners who need to be punished for bad behavior.
这用来隔离因不良行为需要受到惩罚的囚犯。

Guards were instructed not to physically hurt the prisoners in any way.
看守被指示不得以任何方式对囚犯造成身体伤害。

Prisoners were to be addressed by their assigned numbers, and never by name.
囚犯要用分配给他们的号码称呼，绝不用姓名。

To prevent eye contact with the prisoners, guards wore mirrored sunglasses.
为了防止与囚犯有眼神接触，看守戴着镜面太阳镜。

This was done to dehumanize the relationship between guards and prisoners.
这样做是为了使看守和囚犯之间的关系非人性化。

-What is the very small room usually used to store clothes? –a closet.
-通常用来存放衣服的很小的房间是什么？——壁橱。

-To isolate someone means… -to keep them apart from others.
-隔离某人意味着……——让他们与其他人分开。

Though the experiment was designed to last for 14 days, it had to be stopped after just 6 days.
尽管实验设计持续14天，但仅仅6天后就不得不停止。

It had to be stopped because of what was happening to the participants.
实验不得不停止是因为参与者身上发生的情况。

The interactions between the prisoners and guards had become hostile and degrading.
囚犯和看守之间的互动变得充满敌意和羞辱性。

The guards had become aggressive and brutal, and the prisoners were passive and depressed.
看守变得具有攻击性和残忍，而囚犯变得被动和沮丧。

As a result, 5 of the prisoners had to be released earlier, because of severe negative emotions.
结果，5名囚犯因为严重的负面情绪不得不提前释放。

Even the researchers were affected, and they began to overlook what was happening.
甚至研究人员也受到了影响，他们开始忽视正在发生的事情。

Instead of halting the experiment, they let it continue.
他们没有停止实验，而是让它继续进行。

They themselves had become dehumanized by the situation they had designed.
他们自己也被他们设计的情境非人性化了。

Finally, they realized that the experiment had to be stopped.
最终，他们意识到实验必须停止。

-To become dehumanized means… -to no longer act or feel like a human being.
-变得非人性化意味着……——不再像人类一样行动或感受。

What the experiment demonstrates is the powerful effect that situations can have on human behavior.
这个实验证明的是情境对人类行为可能产生的强大影响。

Given the position of power, people can begin to behave differently than they normally would.
当被赋予权力地位时，人们可能开始表现得与平常不同。

They can begin to behave in an aggressive manner, while those with no power can become passive and depressed.
他们可能开始表现得具有攻击性，而那些没有权力的人可能变得被动和沮丧。

In other words, the experiment shows that situations can cause abusive behavior.
换句话说，实验表明情境可以引起强大的影响。

There are some important criticisms of this experiment.
对这个实验有一些重要的批评。

One criticism is that it is an example of unethical research.
一个批评是它是不道德研究的例子。

It went on longer than it should have.
它持续的时间比应该的要长。

It is also unrepresentative since the participants were mostly white, middle-class males.
它也不具有代表性，因为参与者主要是白人中产阶级男性。

Despite the criticism, the experiment remains the most important study of human behavior.
尽管有批评，这个实验仍然是人类行为最重要的研究。

Recent examples of the Stanford effect may include the treatment of prisoners of war by American soldiers in the Iraq war.
斯坦福效应的近期例子可能包括美国士兵在伊拉克战争中对战俘的待遇。

Other possible examples include bullying at school and gang behavior.
其他可能的例子包括校园霸凌和帮派行为。

According to the head researcher, Philip Zimbardo, it helps to explain how ordinary people sometimes turn evil.
据首席研究员菲利普·津巴多说，它有助于解释普通人有时如何变得邪恶。

If situations do influence human behavior, then managing situations can be a way of controlling people.
如果情境确实影响人类行为，那么管理情境可以成为控制人们的一种方式。

-What's a possible example of the Stanford effect? –bullying at school.
-斯坦福效应的一个可能例子是什么？——校园霸凌。

In a bullying situation some students take on a new, evil personality.
在霸凌情况下，一些学生会呈现出一种新的、邪恶的人格。