先前的章节已介绍了函数query_planner中子函数query_planner中qp_callback（回调函数）和fix_placeholder_input_needed_levels的主要实现逻辑,本节继续介绍remove_useless_joins、reduce_unique_semijoins和add_placeholders_to_base_rels的实现逻辑。
query_planner代码片段:
//...
/*
* Remove any useless outer joins. Ideally this would be done during
* jointree preprocessing, but the necessary information isn't available
* until we've built baserel data structures and classified qual clauses.
*/
joinlist = remove_useless_joins(root, joinlist);//清除无用的外连接
/*
* Also, reduce any semijoins with unique inner rels to plain inner joins.
* Likewise, this can't be done until now for lack of needed info.
*/
reduce_unique_semijoins(root);//消除半连接
/*
* Now distribute "placeholders" to base rels as needed. This has to be
* done after join removal because removal could change whether a
* placeholder is evaluable at a base rel.
*/
add_placeholders_to_base_rels(root);//在"base rels"中添加PH
//...
一、数据结构
PlaceHolderVar
上一小节已介绍过PHInfo
/*
* Placeholder node for an expression to be evaluated below the top level
* of a plan tree. This is used during planning to represent the contained
* expression. At the end of the planning process it is replaced by either
* the contained expression or a Var referring to a lower-level evaluation of
* the contained expression. Typically the evaluation occurs below an outer
* join, and Var references above the outer join might thereby yield NULL
* instead of the expression value.
*
* Although the planner treats this as an expression node type, it is not
* recognized by the parser or executor, so we declare it here rather than
* in primnodes.h.
*/
typedef struct PlaceHolderVar
{
Expr xpr;
Expr *phexpr; /* the represented expression */
Relids phrels; /* base relids syntactically within expr src */
Index phid; /* ID for PHV (unique within planner run) */
Index phlevelsup; /* > 0 if PHV belongs to outer query */
} PlaceHolderVar;
SpecialJoinInfo
/*
* "Special join" info.
*
* One-sided outer joins constrain the order of joining partially but not
* completely. We flatten such joins into the planner's top-level list of
* relations to join, but record information about each outer join in a
* SpecialJoinInfo struct. These structs are kept in the PlannerInfo node's
* join_info_list.
*
* Similarly, semijoins and antijoins created by flattening IN (subselect)
* and EXISTS(subselect) clauses create partial constraints on join order.
* These are likewise recorded in SpecialJoinInfo structs.
*
* We make SpecialJoinInfos for FULL JOINs even though there is no flexibility
* of planning for them, because this simplifies make_join_rel()'s API.
*
* min_lefthand and min_righthand are the sets of base relids that must be
* available on each side when performing the special join. lhs_strict is
* true if the special join's condition cannot succeed when the LHS variables
* are all NULL (this means that an outer join can commute with upper-level
* outer joins even if it appears in their RHS). We don't bother to set
* lhs_strict for FULL JOINs, however.
*
* It is not valid for either min_lefthand or min_righthand to be empty sets;
* if they were, this would break the logic that enforces join order.
*
* syn_lefthand and syn_righthand are the sets of base relids that are
* syntactically below this special join. (These are needed to help compute
* min_lefthand and min_righthand for higher joins.)
*
* delay_upper_joins is set true if we detect a pushed-down clause that has
* to be evaluated after this join is formed (because it references the RHS).
* Any outer joins that have such a clause and this join in their RHS cannot
* commute with this join, because that would leave noplace to check the
* pushed-down clause. (We don't track this for FULL JOINs, either.)
*
* For a semijoin, we also extract the join operators and their RHS arguments
* and set semi_operators, semi_rhs_exprs, semi_can_btree, and semi_can_hash.
* This is done in support of possibly unique-ifying the RHS, so we don't
* bother unless at least one of semi_can_btree and semi_can_hash can be set
* true. (You might expect that this information would be computed during
* join planning; but it's helpful to have it available during planning of
* parameterized table scans, so we store it in the SpecialJoinInfo structs.)
*
* jointype is never JOIN_RIGHT; a RIGHT JOIN is handled by switching
* the inputs to make it a LEFT JOIN. So the allowed values of jointype
* in a join_info_list member are only LEFT, FULL, SEMI, or ANTI.
*
* For purposes of join selectivity estimation, we create transient
* SpecialJoinInfo structures for regular inner joins; so it is possible
* to have jointype == JOIN_INNER in such a structure, even though this is
* not allowed within join_info_list. We also create transient
* SpecialJoinInfos with jointype == JOIN_INNER for outer joins, since for
* cost estimation purposes it is sometimes useful to know the join size under
* plain innerjoin semantics. Note that lhs_strict, delay_upper_joins, and
* of course the semi_xxx fields are not set meaningfully within such structs.
*/
typedef struct SpecialJoinInfo
{
NodeTag type;
Relids min_lefthand; /* base relids in minimum LHS for join */
Relids min_righthand; /* base relids in minimum RHS for join */
Relids syn_lefthand; /* base relids syntactically within LHS */
Relids syn_righthand; /* base relids syntactically within RHS */
JoinType jointype; /* always INNER, LEFT, FULL, SEMI, or ANTI */
bool lhs_strict; /* joinclause is strict for some LHS rel */
bool delay_upper_joins; /* can't commute with upper RHS */
/* Remaining fields are set only for JOIN_SEMI jointype: */
bool semi_can_btree; /* true if semi_operators are all btree */
bool semi_can_hash; /* true if semi_operators are all hash */
List *semi_operators; /* OIDs of equality join operators */
List *semi_rhs_exprs; /* righthand-side expressions of these ops */
} SpecialJoinInfo;
二、源码解读
remove_useless_joins
清除无用的连接,比如以下的SQL语句:
select t1.dwbh
from t_grxx t1 left join t_dwxx t2 on t1.dwbh = t2.dwbh;
左连接,而且t_dwxx.dwbh唯一,这样的连接是不需要的连接,直接查询t_grxx即可.
从执行计划来看,PG只对t_grxx进行扫描:
testdb=# explain verbose select t1.dwbh from t_grxx t1 left join t_dwxx t2 on t1.dwbh = t2.dwbh;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Seq Scan on public.t_grxx t1 (cost=0.00..14.00 rows=400 width=38)
Output: t1.dwbh
(2 rows)
源代码如下:
/*
* remove_useless_joins
* Check for relations that don't actually need to be joined at all,
* and remove them from the query.
*
* We are passed the current joinlist and return the updated list. Other
* data structures that have to be updated are accessible via "root".
*/
List *
remove_useless_joins(PlannerInfo *root, List *joinlist)
{
ListCell *lc;
/*
* We are only interested in relations that are left-joined to, so we can
* scan the join_info_list to find them easily.
*/
restart:
foreach(lc, root->join_info_list)//遍历连接信息链表
{
SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo = (SpecialJoinInfo *) lfirst(lc);
int innerrelid;
int nremoved;
/* Skip if not removable */
if (!join_is_removable(root, sjinfo))//判断是否可以清除连接
continue;
/*
* Currently, join_is_removable can only succeed when the sjinfo's
* righthand is a single baserel. Remove that rel from the query and
* joinlist.
*/
innerrelid = bms_singleton_member(sjinfo->min_righthand);
remove_rel_from_query(root, innerrelid,
bms_union(sjinfo->min_lefthand,
sjinfo->min_righthand));//从查询中删除相应的Rel
/* We verify that exactly one reference gets removed from joinlist */
nremoved = 0;
joinlist = remove_rel_from_joinlist(joinlist, innerrelid, &nremoved);
if (nremoved != 1)
elog(ERROR, "failed to find relation %d in joinlist", innerrelid);
/*
* We can delete this SpecialJoinInfo from the list too, since it's no
* longer of interest.
*/
//更新连接链表信息
root->join_info_list = list_delete_ptr(root->join_info_list, sjinfo);
/*
* Restart the scan. This is necessary to ensure we find all
* removable joins independently of ordering of the join_info_list
* (note that removal of attr_needed bits may make a join appear
* removable that did not before). Also, since we just deleted the
* current list cell, we'd have to have some kluge to continue the
* list scan anyway.
*/
goto restart;
}
return joinlist;
}
reduce_unique_semijoins
把可以简化的半连接转化为内连接.
比如以下的SQL语句:
select t1.*
from t_grxx t1
where dwbh IN (select t2.dwbh from t_dwxx t2);
由于子查询"select t2.dwbh from t_dwxx t2"的dwbh是PK,子查询提升后,t_grxx的dwbh只对应t_dwxx唯一的一条记录,因此可以把半连接转换为内连接,执行计划如下:
testdb=# explain verbose select t1.*
from t_grxx t1
where dwbh IN (select t2.dwbh from t_dwxx t2);
QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hash Join (cost=1.07..20.10 rows=6 width=176)
Output: t1.dwbh, t1.grbh, t1.xm, t1.xb, t1.nl
Inner Unique: true
Hash Cond: ((t1.dwbh)::text = (t2.dwbh)::text)
-> Seq Scan on public.t_grxx t1 (cost=0.00..14.00 rows=400 width=176)
Output: t1.dwbh, t1.grbh, t1.xm, t1.xb, t1.nl
-> Hash (cost=1.03..1.03 rows=3 width=38)
Output: t2.dwbh
-> Seq Scan on public.t_dwxx t2 (cost=0.00..1.03 rows=3 width=38)
Output: t2.dwbh
(10 rows)
跟踪分析:
(gdb) n
199 reduce_unique_semijoins(root);
(gdb) step
reduce_unique_semijoins (root=0x1702968) at analyzejoins.c:520
520 for (lc = list_head(root->join_info_list); lc != NULL; lc = next)
(gdb) n
522 SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo = (SpecialJoinInfo *) lfirst(lc);
(gdb)
查看SpecialJoinInfo内存结构:
528 next = lnext(lc);
(gdb) p *sjinfo
$1 = {type = T_SpecialJoinInfo, min_lefthand = 0x1749818, min_righthand = 0x1749830, syn_lefthand = 0x1749570,
syn_righthand = 0x17495d0, jointype = JOIN_SEMI, lhs_strict = true, delay_upper_joins = false, semi_can_btree = true,
semi_can_hash = true, semi_operators = 0x17496c8, semi_rhs_exprs = 0x17497b8}
内表(innerrel,即t_dwxx)如支持唯一性,则可以考虑把半连接转换为内连接
550 if (!rel_supports_distinctness(root, innerrel))
...
575 root->join_info_list = list_delete_ptr(root->join_info_list, sjinfo);
...
源代码如下:
/*
* reduce_unique_semijoins
* Check for semijoins that can be simplified to plain inner joins
* because the inner relation is provably unique for the join clauses.
*
* Ideally this would happen during reduce_outer_joins, but we don't have
* enough information at that point.
*
* To perform the strength reduction when applicable, we need only delete
* the semijoin's SpecialJoinInfo from root->join_info_list. (We don't
* bother fixing the join type attributed to it in the query jointree,
* since that won't be consulted again.)
*/
void
reduce_unique_semijoins(PlannerInfo *root)
{
ListCell *lc;
ListCell *next;
/*
* Scan the join_info_list to find semijoins. We can't use foreach
* because we may delete the current cell.
*/
for (lc = list_head(root->join_info_list); lc != NULL; lc = next)
{
SpecialJoinInfo *sjinfo = (SpecialJoinInfo *) lfirst(lc);//特殊连接信息,先前通过deconstruct函数生成
int innerrelid;
RelOptInfo *innerrel;
Relids joinrelids;
List *restrictlist;
next = lnext(lc);
/*
* Must be a non-delaying semijoin to a single baserel, else we aren't
* going to be able to do anything with it. (It's probably not
* possible for delay_upper_joins to be set on a semijoin, but we
* might as well check.)
*/
if (sjinfo->jointype != JOIN_SEMI ||
sjinfo->delay_upper_joins)
continue;
if (!bms_get_singleton_member(sjinfo->min_righthand, &innerrelid))
continue;
innerrel = find_base_rel(root, innerrelid);
/*
* Before we trouble to run generate_join_implied_equalities, make a
* quick check to eliminate cases in which we will surely be unable to
* prove uniqueness of the innerrel.
*/
if (!rel_supports_distinctness(root, innerrel))
continue;
/* Compute the relid set for the join we are considering */
joinrelids = bms_union(sjinfo->min_lefthand, sjinfo->min_righthand);
/*
* Since we're only considering a single-rel RHS, any join clauses it
* has must be clauses linking it to the semijoin's min_lefthand. We
* can also consider EC-derived join clauses.
*/
restrictlist =
list_concat(generate_join_implied_equalities(root,
joinrelids,
sjinfo->min_lefthand,
innerrel),
innerrel->joininfo);
/* Test whether the innerrel is unique for those clauses. */
if (!innerrel_is_unique(root,
joinrelids, sjinfo->min_lefthand, innerrel,
JOIN_SEMI, restrictlist, true))
continue;
/* OK, remove the SpecialJoinInfo from the list. */
root->join_info_list = list_delete_ptr(root->join_info_list, sjinfo);//删除特殊连接信息
}
}
add_placeholders_to_base_rels
把PHV分发到base rels中,代码较为简单
/*
* add_placeholders_to_base_rels
* Add any required PlaceHolderVars to base rels' targetlists.
*
* If any placeholder can be computed at a base rel and is needed above it,
* add it to that rel's targetlist. This might look like it could be merged
* with fix_placeholder_input_needed_levels, but it must be separate because
* join removal happens in between, and can change the ph_eval_at sets. There
* is essentially the same logic in add_placeholders_to_joinrel, but we can't
* do that part until joinrels are formed.
*/
void
add_placeholders_to_base_rels(PlannerInfo *root)
{
ListCell *lc;
foreach(lc, root->placeholder_list)//遍历PH链表
{
PlaceHolderInfo *phinfo = (PlaceHolderInfo *) lfirst(lc);
Relids eval_at = phinfo->ph_eval_at;
int varno;
if (bms_get_singleton_member(eval_at, &varno) &&
bms_nonempty_difference(phinfo->ph_needed, eval_at))//添加到需要的RelOptInfo中
{
RelOptInfo *rel = find_base_rel(root, varno);
rel->reltarget->exprs = lappend(rel->reltarget->exprs,
copyObject(phinfo->ph_var));
/* reltarget's cost and width fields will be updated later */
}
}
}
