第一章 名词

[语法导读]

名词的分类

[语法精讲]

1.名词的所有格的类别及构成

2.不规则名词的复数形式

【巧记小贴士】

1.单数变复数记忆口诀

① 单数变复数式,后加s统言之。有些名词须注意,要加s先加e。

② 尾音[s,z,∫]和[t∫],还有辅音加o时。辅音加y变ie,f结尾改ve。

③ 少数名词不规则,“男女脚牙鹅孩子,日本绵羊中国鱼”,特殊变化要硬记。

2.巧记以o,f（fe）结尾的名词变复数两口诀

① Negroes eat potatoes;heroes eat tomatoes.黑人吃土豆；英雄吃番茄。

② The wives of thieves cut the wolves into halves with knives and covered them with leaves behind shelves.小偷的妻子用刀把狼砍成两半，然后用树叶将其盖在书架后面。

3.巧记各国人的单、复数变化口诀

中日不变,英法a变e,其他后边加s。

[典型辨异]

名词的句法功能

[重点疑难]

1.名词作定语的原则

① 表示材料或性质,如：apple trees,cloth shoes,paper money,stone bridge等。

② 表示作用或用途,如：coffee cup,fire wall,evening dress等。

③ 有些名词无相同意义的形容词,故用该名词作定语,如：family tree, post office,team leader等。

④ 名词作定语多用单数,但也有例外,如：sports meet,men cooks, parents meeting,goods train等。

2.名词的单、复数形式的特殊问题

【典型题析】

1.I found her sitting in the corner,reading____________________ newspaper,with____________________in her eyes.

A.a;tear    B.a piece of;tears

C.a;tears    D.a piece of;tear

[陷阱]误选D,许多学生错误地认为,既然news（消息）和paper（纸）均为不可数名词,那么newspaper（报纸）也应是不可数的;同时认为“眼泪”即“泪水”,“水”不可数,“泪水”和“眼泪”也应该不可数。

[分析]最佳答案为C。newspaper和tear均为可数名词,它们不仅可以连用不定冠词、可以用复数,而且还可以连用数词。如：

She dried her tears with a handkerchief.她用手帕擦干了眼泪。

A newspaper is a publication.报纸是一种出版物。

若不是将newspaper当作是供阅读或传递信息的一种东西,而只是把它当成一种“纸”来看待,也可用作不可数名词,如：

Wrap it in（a sheet of）newspaper.用报纸把它包起来。

2.Her father works as a____________________ in a hotel and her mother a____________________ in a private company.

A.cooker;typewriter

B.cook;typist

C.cooker;typist

D.cook;typewriter

[陷阱]误选A,许多同学想当然地认为cook用作动词,表示“煮饭”,所以cooker应是其相应的名词,表示“煮饭的人”,即“厨师”;type用作动词,表示“打字”,所以typewriter应表示“打字员”。

[分析]而事实是：cook=厨师,cooker=炊具;typist=打字员,typewriter=打字机。即此题正确答案为B。

3.— Why couldn't they meet us at five o'clock?

— Because they were delayed by____________________.

A.heavy traffic    B.heavy traffics

C.crowded traffic  D.crowded traffics

[陷阱]B、C、D三项均容易误选。

[分析]对于此题,首先要明确traffic为不可数名词,没有复数形式,故排除B和D。另外,汉语习惯说“交通拥挤,而英语习惯上不能用crowded来修饰traffic,要用heavy traffic,即选A。

4.By all ____________________,you must try every ____________________to help him.

A.mean;mean  B.means;means

C.means;mean D.mean;means

[陷阱]误选C,认为第一空前有all修饰,故用means,而第二空前有every修饰,故用mean。

[分析]其实,means是一个单复数同形的名词,并且永远带有尾-s。换句话说,在表示“方式、方法”时,不存在mean这一形式（mean主要用作动词,表示“意思是”;也可用作名词,表示“中间”、“中庸”）。此题正确答案为B,by all means为习语,意为“一定”、“尽一切办法”。means用作主语时,其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较：

All possible means have been tried.所有可能的办法都已经试过了。

Every possible means has been tried.每种可能的办法都已经试过了。

若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数,其谓语则用单数或复数均可。如：

Is [Are]there any other means of getting more money? 还有其他什么办法可弄到更多钱吗？

5.Jim is ____________________person,and everyone is willing to be ____________________with him.

A.so kind a;friends

B.so a kind;friends

C.so kind a;friend

D.so a kind;friend

[陷阱]误选C或D。认为friend要用单数。

[分析]其实此题最佳答案为A。so kind a person相当于such a kind person,注意两者中冠词的位置不同。be friends with是习语,意为“与……友好”、“跟……做朋友”,与之同义的类似地还有make friends with。值得说明的是,这类短语中的名词总是用复数,即使句子主语为单数也是如此。如：

He is friends with me.他与我是朋友。

6.We already have ____________________pencils,but we need two ____________________pens.

A.dozen of;dozen

B.dozens of;dozens

C.dozens of;dozen

D.dozens of;dozen of

[陷阱]误选B。

[分析]此题最佳答案为C。关于dozen的复数是否加词尾-s的问题比较复杂,大致原则是：

（1）当它与具体数字连用时,既不加复数词尾-s,也不后接介词of。尽管有的书也有two dozen of这样的用例,但这已属过时用法,在考试中应避免。

（2）当它不与具体数字连用,而是表示不确定的泛指数时,则不仅要加复数词尾-s,而且要后接介词of,此时可将dozens of（许多,几十）视为习语。如：

I've been there dozens of times.我去过那儿几十趟。

下面一例中的dozens加了复数词尾-s也属类似情况：

Pack them in dozens.按打装袋吧。

（3）当与a few,several等数目不很具体的词连用时,加不加复数词尾-s均可,但需注意：不加复数词尾-s时,其后的介词of可以省略;加词尾-s时,其后的介词of不能省略。如：

several dozen（of）pencils=several dozens of pencils几打铅笔

注：英语较少使用many dozen的说法,要表示类似意思可用dozens of。

（4）当它后面的名词受the,these,those等特指限定词修饰时,或其后接的是us,them这样的人称代词时,则此时必须用介词of。如：

two dozen of these eggs两打这种鸡蛋

three dozen of them它们中的3打

注：score,hundred,thousand,million等也具有以上类似用法。

7.She raised her finger to her lips as ____________________for silence.

A.an idea    B.a mark

C.a sign      D.a word

[陷阱]容易误选B。

[分析]应选C,sign与mark的区别是：sign常指用手或头等做出示意动作以传递信息或命令等,mark常指书写与印刷的符号或图、线等记号。类似地,下面一题的答案也是C：

（1）Those black clouds are a sure ____________________that it's going to rain.

A.thing    B.mark

C.sign    D.one

但是,下面一题却不能选sign,也不能选mark,而选symbol（象征）：

（2）The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a（n）____________________of courage and power.

A.example      B.sign

C.mark          D.symbol

顺便说一句,在近几年的高考中像这类结合词义区别以及语境和生活常识进行考查的试题经常出现,同学们需引起注意。

8.— May I take your order now?

— We'd like three black ____________________and two green ____________________.

A.coffee;cups of teas

B.coffees;teas

C.cups of coffee;tea

D.cup of coffees;teas

[陷阱]误选C,认为coffee和tea均为不可数名词,不能后加复数词尾-s,从而排除选项A、B、D。

[分析]选B。有的同学认为coffee和tea是物质名词,不可数,不能用three coffees,two teas这样的表达。其实,coffee既可用作不可数名词,表示“咖啡”这种物质,也可用作可数名词,表示“一杯咖啡”,即在口语中three coffees就等于three cups of coffee。同样,“三杯茶”既可说成three cups of tea,也可说成three teas;“三杯啤酒”既可说成three glasses of beer,也可说成three beers。

9.____________________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

A.Walk        B.Walking

C.The walk  D.To walk

[陷阱]容易误选A或D。

[分析]最佳答案为B。分析如下：

（1）首先,选项D不如选项B佳,因为,不定式通常表示特定的动作,而动名词才表示习惯性的动作。

（2）尽管walk用作名词时可以表示“散步”,但它是可数名词,指的是一次一次的具体的散步,而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“散步”,要表示此义,要用动名词walking。比较：

How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?

Walking does good to your health.散步对你的健康有益。

类似地,dance和dancing以及swim和swimming的区别也是一样的：

Let's have a dance.我们跳支舞吧。

He is interested in dancing.他对跳舞感兴趣。

She had a swim every day.她每天游一会儿泳。

She loves swimming.她喜欢游泳。

[考场模拟]

1.Dogs have a very good ____________________of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.

A.sense    B.view

C.means    D.idea

【解析】A。a sense of表示“……感”,又如：a sense of humour幽默感;a good sense of direction很好的方向感;a good sense of balance很好的平衡感。

2.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale;it was a real ____________________.

A.exchange    B.bargain

C.trade          D.business

【解析】B。bargain意为“廉价货”;exchange交换,交流;trade贸易;business商业,买卖,事情。

3.What's the ____________________of having a public open space where you can't eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?

A.sense    B.matter

C.case    D.opinion

【解析】A。sense感觉,思考,意义;matter事件,问题,原因;case事,案例,容器;opinion意见,看法,主张。What's the sense of...……有什么意义。

4.China has got a good ____________________for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.

A.reputation    B.influence

C.impression    D.knowledge

【解析】A。句意为：中国因抗击流感时的精密顺利的组织赢得了良好的声望。

5.The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any____________________ when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April,2009.

A.delay        B.effort

C.schedule  D.consideration

【解析】A。delay耽搁,延误;effort努力;schedule时间表;consideration考虑,体谅,关心

6.Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for ____________________building.

A.respect        B.friendship

C.reputation    D.character

【解析】D。根据常识可知,运动既可以增强体质也可以强健个性,不会增强尊敬或名声,友谊可以增强,但与前面health不并列。故答案为character。

7.In our class,when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book,it was a for everyone to stand up.

A.signal    B.chance

C.mark      D.measure

【解析】A。signal暗示,信号;chance机会;mark分数,痕迹;measure方法,措施。

8.The ____________________shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into ____________________car.

A.girl's;Tom's    B.girls';Toms'

C.girls';Tom's    D.girl's;Toms'

【解析】C。考查名词的所有格。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls,Tom的所有格是Tom's。

9.Encourage your children to try new things,but try not to ____________________them too hard.

A.draw      B.strike

C.rush      D.push

【解析】D。push推,挤,逼迫;strike打,罢工,划燃;rush冲进,匆促行事,催;draw拉,画。

10.— He says that my new car is a ____________________of money.

— Don't you think those words are just sour grapes?

A.lack          B.load

C.question  D.waste

【解析】D。lack缺乏;load负担;question疑问;waste浪费,sour grapes酸葡萄。

11.From their ____________________on the top of the TV Tower,visitors can have a better view of the city.

A.stage        B.position

C.condition    D.situation

【解析】B。stage舞台,时期,阶段;position位置;condition条件,情况;situation形式,情景;根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。