秦朝简史
秦非子,秦朝始祖,秦非子是商名将飞廉之子恶来之后。秦人先祖嬴姓部族早在殷商时期就是镇守西戎的得力助手。周孝王六年(前905年),秦非子因养马有功被周天子封为附庸国。治都於秦邑(今甘肃省天水市清水县东北),号曰“秦嬴”。
秦襄公,前770年,秦襄公派兵护送周平王东迁,被封为诸侯。自此,秦国正式成为周朝的诸侯国。
秦穆公,继位后任用百里奚、蹇叔为谋臣,励精图治,击败晋国,俘获晋惠公,灭亡梁国、芮国、滑国等。秦穆公二十三年(前637年),帮助晋怀公回国即位,秦穆公二十四年(前636年),帮助晋文公回国即位,实现秦晋之好。秦穆公时称霸西戎,位列“春秋五霸”。
秦孝公,任用商鞅变法,富国强兵,逐渐成为战国中后期最强大的国家。
秦惠文王,嬴驷(公元前356年—公元前311年),嬴姓,赵氏,名驷,战国时期秦国国君(公元前338年—公元前311年在位),秦孝公之子。嬴驷十九岁即位,史称“秦惠文王”。以宗室多怨,族灭商鞅,不废其法。公元前325年,自称秦王,成为秦国第一位君王。当政期间,文有张仪连横六国,武有公孙衍、樗(chū)里子、司马错,北伐义渠,西平巴蜀,东出函谷,南下商於,为秦统一中国打下坚实基础。
秦昭襄王,嬴稷,嬴姓,赵氏,名则,一名稷(公元前325年~公元前251年),又称秦昭王。战国时期秦国国君(公元前306年~公元前251年在位),秦惠文王之子,秦武王异母弟,是中国历史上在位时间较长的国君之一,在位五十六年间,发生了著名的伊阙之战,五国伐齐,鄢郢之战,华阳之战和长平之战。
早年在燕国为人质。公元前307年,秦武王去世,公子稷在赵燕两国的武力护送,以及右相樗里疾、魏冉、宣太后等人的拥立下继承王位。秦昭襄王即位初期,由其母宣太后当权,魏冉为咸阳将军,王叔樗里疾为相。公元前304年,年满二十二岁的秦昭襄王在举行冠礼后开始亲自处理决策国事。
秦昭襄王四十一年,当时被称为四贵的穰侯魏冉、华阳君芈戎、泾阳君公子芾、高陵君公子悝擅权,出现了私家财富重于秦王室的局面,昭王听从魏人范雎的建议,收回宣太后的干政权,驱逐四贵,拜范雎为相,采用范雎所提出的远交近攻策略,奠定了秦统一战争的胜利基础。
秦昭襄王在位期间任用白起为将军,先后战胜三晋、齐国、楚国,攻取魏国的河东郡和南阳郡、楚国的黔中郡和郢都。发动长平之战,大胜赵军。攻陷东周王都洛邑,俘虏周赧王,迁九鼎于咸阳,结束周朝八百年统治。
秦昭襄王五十六年(公元前251年),昭襄王去世,享年七十五岁,葬于秦东陵
秦始皇,秦始皇嬴政(前259年—前210年),嬴姓,赵氏,名政,又称赵政、祖龙。秦庄襄王和赵姬之子。中国古代杰出的政治家、战略家、改革家,首次完成中国大一统的政治人物,也是中国第一个称皇帝的君主。
嬴政出生于赵国都城邯郸,后回到秦国。公元前247年继承王位,时年十三岁。公元前238年,平定长信侯嫪毐(lào ǎi)的叛乱,之后又除掉权臣吕不韦,开始独揽大政。重用李斯、王翦等人,自前230年至前221年,先后灭韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六国,完成了统一中国大业,建立起一个中央集权的统一的多民族国家——秦朝。
秦始皇奠定中国两千余年政治制度基本格局,被明代思想家李贽誉为“千古一帝”。
始皇帝十七年(前230年),秦派内史腾攻韩,俘虏了韩王安,于韩地建置颍川郡,韩国灭亡。
始皇帝十九年(前228年),大破赵军,王翦、羌瘣尽定赵地,俘虏赵王,赵国灭亡。
始皇帝二十二年(前225年),秦王政派将军王贲攻魏,包围了魏都大梁(开封市),引黄河水灌城,三个月大梁城坏,魏王出降,魏国灭亡。
始皇帝二十五年(前223年),王翦平定了楚的江南地,降服了越国之君,设置会稽郡,楚国灭亡。
始皇帝二十五年(前222年),燕国灭亡。
始皇帝二十六年(前221年),秦将王贲从燕国南下攻齐,俘虏齐王建,灭了齐国。
秦国从始皇帝十七年(前230年)起,到灭齐时止,耗时10年陆续兼并了六国,继而于始皇帝二十八年(前219年)开始平定南方百越。从此,秦王政完成统一大业,进入了帝国时代。
公元前221年,秦统一六国之后,秦王嬴政认为自己“德兼三皇,功过五帝”,遂采用三皇之“皇”、五帝之“帝”构成“皇帝”的称号,是中国历史上第一个使用“皇帝”称号的君主,所以自称“始皇帝”。同时在中央实行三公九卿,管理国家大事;地方上废除分封制,代以郡县制;同时书同文,车同轨,统一货币、度量衡。对外北击匈奴,南征百越,修筑万里长城;修筑灵渠,沟通长江和珠江水系。但是到了晚年,秦始皇求仙梦想长生,苛政虐民,扼杀民智,动摇了秦朝统治的根基。前210年,秦始皇东巡途中驾崩于邢台沙丘。
胡亥(公元前230年 -公元前207年),男,嬴姓,赵氏,名胡亥,秦始皇第十八子,公子扶苏之弟,秦朝第二位皇帝,即秦二世,亦称二世皇帝,公元前210年―公元前207年在位。
胡亥少从中车府令赵高学习狱法。秦始皇出游南方病死沙丘宫平台,秘不发丧,在赵高与李斯的帮助下,杀死兄弟姐妹二十余人,并逼死扶苏,从而当上秦朝的二世皇帝。秦二世即位后,赵高掌实权,实行残暴的统治,终于激起了陈胜、吴广起义以及六国旧贵族的复国运动。公元前207年,胡亥被赵高的心腹阎乐逼迫自杀于望夷宫,时年二十四岁。
子婴(?-前206年),即秦三世,嬴姓,名子婴或婴,秦朝最后一位统治者,在位46天。初称皇帝,后改称秦王,史称秦王子婴。秦二世三年(前207年)九月,丞相赵高逼杀秦二世,去秦帝号,立子婴为秦王。五天后,子婴诛杀赵高。十月,刘邦率兵入关,在位仅四十六天的子婴投降刘邦,秦朝灭亡。
李斯(?~前208年),战国末楚国上蔡(今河南省驻马店市上蔡县重阳办事处李斯楼社区)人。秦朝著名政治家、文学家和书法家。
少为郡吏,曾从荀卿学。战国末年入秦国,初为秦相吕不韦舍人,被任命为郎。旋任长史,拜客卿。秦王政十年(前237)下逐客令时,上书力谏客不可逐,为秦王采纳。又为秦并六国谋划,建议先攻取韩国,再逐一消灭各诸侯国,完成统一大业。
秦始皇二十六年(前221年)统一全国后,作为廷尉奉命与丞相王绾、御史大夫冯劫等议定“皇帝”之号。后任丞相,多次随始皇帝巡行。反对淳于越分封子弟之议,主张禁私学、废《诗》、《书》、六国史记及“百家语”。又以小篆为标准,整理文字,作《仓颉篇》以为范文。
始皇帝死后,与赵高矫诏迫扶苏自杀,立胡亥为帝。秦末农民起义爆发后,劝二世更为法律,行“督责之术”,加强君权。后被赵高诬为谋反,具五刑,腰斩于咸阳市,夷三族。
赵高(?-前207年),嬴姓,赵氏。秦朝二世皇帝时丞相,任中车府令,兼行符玺令事,“管事二十余年”。秦始皇死后,赵高发动沙丘政变,他与丞相李斯合谋伪造诏书,逼秦始皇长子扶苏自杀,另立始皇幼子胡亥为帝,是为秦二世,并自任郎中令。他在任职期间独揽大权,结党营私,征役更加繁重,行政更加苛暴。公元前208年又设计害死李斯,继之为秦朝丞相。第三年他迫秦二世自杀,另立子婴为秦王。不久被子婴设计杀掉,诛夷三族。
陈胜吴广起义,是中国历史上第一次大规模的平民起义。此次起义沉重打击了秦朝,揭开了秦末农民起义的序幕。
秦二世元年(前209年)秋,秦朝廷征发闾左贫民屯戍渔阳,陈胜、吴广等900余名戍卒被征发,途中在蕲县大泽乡(今宿州)为大雨所阻,不能如期到达,情急之下,陈胜、吴广领导戍卒杀死押解戍卒的军官,发动兵变。起义军推举陈胜为将军,吴广为都尉。连克大泽乡和蕲县,并在陈县(今河南淮阳)建立张楚政权,各地纷纷响应。
在这个时候,各个郡县受不了秦朝官吏暴政之苦的人,都逮捕宣判他们官吏的罪状,把他们杀死来响应陈涉。于是就以吴广为代理王,督率各将领向西进攻荥阳。命令陈县人武臣、张耳、陈馀去攻占原来赵国的辖地,命令汝阴人邓宗攻占九江郡。这时候,楚地几千人聚集在一起起义的,多得不计其数。
起义不到三个月,赵、齐、燕、魏等地方都有人打着恢复六国的旗号,自立为王。
陈胜派出周文率领的起义军向西进攻,很快攻进关中(指函谷关以西地区),逼近秦朝都城咸阳。秦二世惊慌失措,赶快派大将章邯(hán)把在骊山做苦役的囚犯、奴隶放了出来,编成一支军队,向起义军反扑。原来的六国贵族各自占据自己的地盘,谁也不去支援起义军。周文的起义军孤军作战,终于失败。吴广在荥阳被部下杀死。起义后的第六个月,陈胜在逃跑的路上被他的车夫庄贾设计杀害了。最后庄贾带着陈胜的首级去向秦军邀功请赏去了。
陈胜吴广起义是中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义。陈胜吴广的革命首创精神鼓舞了千百万劳动人民起来反抗残暴的统治。但是,陈胜吴广起义却开启了一个不变的规律,那就是王朝末年第一个起义的最终均以失败结束,原因是:王朝的末年虽然统治者昏庸导致百姓生活困难,但还未到天下大乱的程度。那些带头起义的人由于初期取得一些成果,得到了好处,别的地方的人就会争相效仿,其结果就是天下大乱,百姓更加艰难。而带头者就变成了天下大乱的“祸首”,成为祸首注定没有好下场,他们会成为官军首先讨伐的对象,而后来的起义者则会趁机壮大实力,甚至还会落井下石,所以那些带头起义的人注定会失败。
陈胜:“王侯将相宁有种乎?”这一句非常具有反抗精神的话振聋发聩,是一句影响了中国人整整两千年的话。喊出了几千年来百姓心中的真实愿望:命运掌握在自己的手中,只有靠自己的努力才能改变不平等的命运!
Qin Feizi, the founder of the Qin Dynasty,Qin Feizi was the son of the merchant general Fei Lian. Qin ancestor Ying clanas early as in the Yin and Shang period is guarding Xirong's right-hand man. Inthe sixth year of King Xiao of Zhou (905 BC), Qin Feizi was granted a vassalstate by the Emperor of Zhou for his meritorious service in raising horses. Thecapital was in Qinyi (northeast of Qingshui County, Tianshui City, GansuProvince), named "Qin Ying".
Duke Xiang of Qin, in 770 BC, he senttroops to escort King Ping of Zhou to move east and was made a vassal. Sincethen, Qin officially became a vassal state of Zhou Dynasty.
After taking the throne, Duke Mu of Qinappointed Bai Lixi and Jian Shu as his advisors. He made great efforts to rulethe state of Jin, defeated the state of Jin, captured Duke Hui of Jin, anddestroyed the states of Liang, Rui, and Slip. In the twenty-third year (637BC), Duke Mu of Qin helped Duke Huai of Jin return to the throne, and in thetwenty-fourth year (636 BC), Duke Mu of Qin helped Duke Wen of Jin return tothe throne, realizing the good relationship between Qin and Jin. During thereign of Duke Mu of Qin, he dominated Xirong and ranked among the "Fiverulers of the Spring and Autumn Period".
Duke Xiao of Qin appointed Shang Yang toreform the state, and gradually became the most powerful state in the middleand late Warring States period.
King Hui Wen of Qin, Ying Si (356 BC -- 311BC), surnamed Ying, Zhao family name Si, was the son of Duke Xiao of Qin duringthe Warring States Period (338 BC -- 311 BC). Ying Si ascended the throne atthe age of 19, known as the "King of Qin Hui Wen" history. To theclan many complaints, the family killed Shang Yang, do not abolish its law. In325 BC, he proclaimed himself King of Qin and became the first king of Qin.During his reign, Zhang Yi joined the six states, Gongsun Yan, the clūLizi andSima Cuo, attacked Yiqu in the north, leveled Bashu in the west, Hanguu in theeast and Shangyu in the south, all of which laid a solid foundation for Qin tounify China.
Qin Zhaoxiang King, Ying Ji, Ying surname,Zhao family name, name, a Ji (325 BC ~ 251 BC), also known as the Qin ZhaoKing. During the Warring States Period, the king of Qin (reigned from 306 BC to251 BC) was the son of King Huiwen of Qin and the half-brother of King Wu ofQin. He was one of the longest-serving sovereigns in Chinese history. Duringhis reign of 56 years, there were famous battles of Yique and five Statesagainst Qi, Yanying, Huayang and Changping.
He was a hostage in Yan in his early years.In 307 B. C., King Wu of Qin passed away. As a result, Prince Ji took over thethrone under the escort of Zhao and Yan, and the support of Chu Liji, Wei Ran,and Empress Dowager Xuan. At the beginning of King Zhaoxiang's reign, EmpressDowager Xuan, his mother, took over the throne. Wei Ran was the general ofXianyang, and Wang Shu Chupi was the counselor. In 304 BC, at the age of 22,King Zhaoxiang of Qin began to handle state affairs personally after holdingthe crown ceremony.
Was king for forty-one years Qin Zhaoxiang,was known as the four expensive exa hou wei ran, HuaYangJun Mi Dijon, jingyanggentleman childe Fei, Gao Lingjun childe Kui ShanQuan, a private wealth is moreimportant than the king of qin room situation, zhao wang fan sui wei people'ssuggestion, and recover the xuan queen mother dry regime, expelling fourexpensive, fan sui for phase, fan sui outbred recent attack of the proposedstrategy, It laid the foundation for the victory of Qin's unified war.
During his reign, King Zhaoxiang of Qinappointed Bai Qi as a general. He defeated Three Jin states, Qi states and Chu states,and captured Hedong county and Nanyang county of Wei, Qizhong county and YingDu of Chu. Launched the battle of Changping and defeated the Zhao army. Hecaptured King Nan and moved nine tripods to Xianyang, ending theeight-hundred-year rule of the Zhou Dynasty.
In the 56th year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin(251 BC), King Zhaoxiang died at the age of 75 and was buried in the DonglingMausoleum of Qin
Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shi Huang Ying Zheng(259 BC -- 210 BC), Ying surname, Zhao family name, Zheng, also known as ZhaoZheng, Zulong. Son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin and Zhao Ji. He was anoutstanding statesman, strategist and reformer of ancient China. He was thefirst political figure to complete the unification of China. He was also thefirst Chinese monarch to be called emperor.
Born in Handan, the capital of Zhao, YingZheng returned to the state of Qin. Succeeded to the throne in 247 B.C. at theage of 13. Lao Ai (Lao ǎ I), the emperor put down the rebellion of thelong-trusted Houlao Ai in 238 BC, and then removed Lao Wei, one of the topofficials, and began to assume control of Lao Ai for herself. From 230 BC to221 BC, Li Si, Wang Jian and others were reappointed to destroy Han, Zhao, Wei,Chu, Yan and Qi successively, thus completing the great task of unifying Chinaand establishing a centralized and unified multi-ethnic state -- Qin Dynasty.