装饰器模式（Decorator Pattern）允许向一个现有的对象添加新的功能，同时又不改变其结构。这种类型的设计模式属于结构型模式，它是作为现有的类的一个包装。

这种模式创建了一个装饰类，用来包装原有的类，并在保持类方法签名完整性的前提下，提供了额外的功能。

    

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       装饰模式为已有类动态附加额外的功能就像LOL、王者荣耀等类Dota游戏中，英雄升级一样。每次英雄升级都会附加一个额外技能点学习技能。具体的英雄就是ConcreteComponent，技能栏就是装饰器Decorator，每个技能就是ConcreteDecorator；

//Component 英雄接口 
public interface Hero {
    //学习技能
    void learnSkills();
}
//ConcreteComponent 具体英雄盲僧
public class BlindMonk implements Hero {
    
    private String name;
    
    public BlindMonk(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public void learnSkills() {
        System.out.println(name + "学习了以上技能！");
    }
}
//Decorator 技能栏
public class Skills implements Hero{
    
    //持有一个英雄对象接口
    private Hero hero;
    
    public Skills(Hero hero) {
        this.hero = hero;
    }

    @Override
    public void learnSkills() {
        if(hero != null)
            hero.learnSkills();
    }    
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能：Q
public class Skill_Q extends Skills{
    
    private String skillName;

    public Skill_Q(Hero hero,String skillName) {
        super(hero);
        this.skillName = skillName;
    }

    @Override
    public void learnSkills() {
        System.out.println("学习了技能Q:" +skillName);
        super.learnSkills();
    }
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能：W
public class Skill_W extends Skills{

    private String skillName;

    public Skill_W(Hero hero,String skillName) {
        super(hero);
        this.skillName = skillName;
    }

    @Override
    public void learnSkills() {
        System.out.println("学习了技能W:" + skillName);
        super.learnSkills();
    }
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能：E
public class Skill_E extends Skills{
    
    private String skillName;
    
    public Skill_E(Hero hero,String skillName) {
        super(hero);
        this.skillName = skillName;
    }

    @Override
    public void learnSkills() {
        System.out.println("学习了技能E:"+skillName);
        super.learnSkills();
    }
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能：R
public class Skill_R extends Skills{    
    
    private String skillName;
    
    public Skill_R(Hero hero,String skillName) {
        super(hero);
        this.skillName = skillName;
    }
    
    @Override
    public void learnSkills() {
        System.out.println("学习了技能R:" +skillName );
        super.learnSkills();
    }
}
//客户端：召唤师
public class Player {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //选择英雄
        Hero hero = new BlindMonk("李青");
        
        Skills skills = new Skills(hero);
        Skills r = new Skill_R(skills,"猛龙摆尾");
        Skills e = new Skill_E(r,"天雷破/摧筋断骨");
        Skills w = new Skill_W(e,"金钟罩/铁布衫");
        Skills q = new Skill_Q(w,"天音波/回音击");
        //学习技能
        q.learnSkills();
    }
}

输出：

学习了技能Q:天音波/回音击
学习了技能W:金钟罩/铁布衫
学习了技能E:天雷破/摧筋断骨
学习了技能R:猛龙摆尾
李青学习了以上技能！