体系架构（Enterprise Architecture, EA）的开山之作，之前一直引用，从来没有系统的学习，通过翻译加深理解，与感兴趣的朋友一起学习探讨。上会开了个头，提到了Bubble charts，本期依次是设计图、设计方案、施工方案、分包方案，最后到一栋楼。翻译中自己理解的东西加的比较多，不对的地方大家多多指正。
设计方案。设计方案是将业主的关注和需求转化成产品（解决方案）。不同于设计图中对业主需求的描述，设计方案是设计者对最终产品的描述，设计方案需要对最终产品组成的规格参数进行说明。
Architect’s plans.The architect’s plans are the translation of the owner’s perceptions/requirementsinto a product. The plans are a designer’s representation of the final product(as opposed to an owner’s representation, which is embodied in the drawings).The designer’s representation (plans) puts an explicit specification around thematerial composition of the final product.
（建筑行业）设计方案一般由16类细化内容组成，包括现场工作、电气系统、砖石、木结构等。它们描述了涉及到的材料清单，以及以图表形式描述的材料间关系。这些方案是建筑架构师准备的最终交付成果，最终也成为建成结构的权威“档案”。
The plans are composed of 16 categories of detailed representations, includingsite-work, electrical system, masonry, wood structure, etc. They describematerial relationships in the form of diagrams (drawings) as well asbills-of-materials. These plans are the final deliverables prepared by thearchitect and ultimately become the official “record” of the finishedstructure.
设计方案将作为与承建商谈判的基础。业主把设计方案交给承建商，询问：“能否提供方案中涉及内容？”如果承建商响应了方案中的“内容”，那么业主就可以清楚，按照设计图纸的效果，是可以对应匹配到相关的产品。
The architect’s plans are prepared to serve as a basis for negotiation with ageneral contractor. The owner takes the plans to a contractor and says,“Build me one of these.” If the contractor builds “one of these,” which isrepresented in the architect’s plans, the owner knows that there is a highprobability of getting the desired product, as depicted in the architect’sdrawings.
通过业主和承建商之间的谈判，考虑到成本/价格等因素，这些设计方案可能会被修改，最终通过方案确定将要建造的内容。
Asa result of the negotiations between the owner and general contractor, theplans may be modified because of cost/price and other considerations, but theyfinally serve to represent what is committed to construction.
施工方案。在这一阶段，承建商以建设者的观点“重构”设计方案，形成施工方案。制定施工计划，因为复杂的工程产品通常建设周期较长，而且需要分阶段推进。以建一栋楼为例，首先要做选址工作，其次是基础工程、然后是建第一层，……，直到最后完工。此外，承建商可能受到一些技术限制。无论是工程技术还是工程方法的限制，都会影响承建商精准完成前道的设计。在这种情况下，承建商必须提供一种既可以落地实施、又能满足设计要求的合理方案。工程技术和方法的限制，以及施工顺序造成的限制等，应该体现在施工方案中，以便指导实际的建设工作。
Contractor’s plans. Atthis point, the contractor redraws the architect’s plans to produce thecontractor’s plans representing the builder’s perspective. Such plans areprepared because complex engineering products are not normally built in a day.Some phased approach is required which, in the case of a building, may comprisefirst some site work; next the foundation; then the first floor, and so on,until the building is completed. Furthermore, the contractor may havetechnology constraints. Either the tool technology or the process technologymay constrain his ability to produce precisely what the architect has designed.In either case, the contractor will have to design a reasonable facsimile whichcan be produced and yet satisfies the requirements. These technologyconstraints, plus the natural constraints requiring phased construction, arereflected in the contractor’s plans, which serve to direct the actualconstruction activity.
分包方案。是指分包商视角提供的关于最终产品（部分内容）的方案，包括一些需要外部提供和采购的产品或解决方案，它们往往会被组装或集成到整体工程中。设计图、设计方案、施工方案在设计背景上是一致的（in-context），因为业主、建筑架构师、承建商都会关注整个结构，而分包商关注的是局部结构，因此，分包方案是设计背景与前面的产出物（方案）有所区别（out-of-
context）。分包方案同时也为各类部件集成到总体工程提供模式指导。
Shop plans. Otherrepresentations, short of the final structure itself, are prepared bysubcontractors. These representations are called shop plans and are drawings ofparts or subsections which are an out-of- context specification of whatactually will be fabricated or assembled. The drawings, architect’s plans, andcontractor’s plans are in-context because the owner, architect, and contractorare all concerned with the entirety of the structure, whereas thesub-contractors’ representations are concerned with components or parts of thetotal structure. These shop plans might even serve as patterns for a quantityof identical parts to be fabricated for the project.
一栋楼。最终的产出物就是实实在在的一栋楼了。
The building. Inthe case of producing a building, the final representation is the physicalbuilding itself.
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