Research : Grit

研究 ： 坚毅

Asian-american, a psychologist and associate professor at the university of Pennsylvania, Angela Lee Duckworth .It was published in 2005, formerly known as "Self - discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents (self-control over IQ, predict future academic performance of adolescents)" research, renamed as Grit Research.

美籍亚裔心理学家、宾夕法尼亚大学副教授Angela Lee Duckworth将其发表于2005年、原名为“Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents（自制力完胜智商，预示青少年未来学业表现）”的研究成果，更名为Grit Research。

If you see a child who is "willing to Grit to do something for a long time with great commitment", that is Grit. "Grit is defined as the ability to stick to my passion towards a long-term goal and persevere with perseverance even after failure," said Angela Duckworth in her TED talk in 2013.

如果你见一个孩子“能很投入地一直做一件事很久”，这就是Grit。“向着长期的目标，坚持自己的激情，即便历经失败，依然能够坚持不懈地努力下去，这种品质就叫做坚毅，”Angela Duckworth在2013年TED演讲时，给予Grit如是定义。

Positive Psychology has identified seven indicators as the 'seven secret weapons' to a child's future success. The seven indexes are Grit, Zest , self-control, Optimism, Gratitude t, Social intelligence and Curiosity.

正向心理学（Positive Psychology）则提出了七项指标，认为它们是预示孩子未来成功的“七大秘密武器”。这七项指标分别是：Grit坚毅、Zest激情、Self-control自制力、Optimism乐观态度、Gratitude感恩精神、Social intelligence社交智力、Curiosity 好奇心。

To succeed in America today, parents generally agree that the most important thing depends on the cognitive skills which was represented by IQ, and that the best way to develop these skills is to start practicing them as often as they can and as early as possible. Why are many parents afraid of their children "losing at the starting line"? The reason lies in the assumption that the future competition is the competition of cognitive skills .

如今要在美国获得成功，家长普遍认为最重要的是取决于以智商为代表的认知技能，而培养这些技能的最佳方式就是尽可能多、尽可能早地开始练习。为什么很多家长害怕孩子“输在起跑线上”？究其原因，家长的焦虑都来源于一个假设：未来的竞争是以智商为代表的认知技能的竞争.

In recent years, experts in various fields, including economists, educators, psychologists have questioned this cognitive assumption. They generally agree that the most important factor in determining a child's success is not how much knowledge we impart to them, but whether we can help them develop a series of important personality traits, such as perseverance, self-control, curiosity, responsibility, courage and self-confidence, which will affect their life.

近几年来，经济学家、教育家、心理学家等各个不同领域的专家都对这种认知假设提出了质疑。他们普遍认为，决定孩子成功的最重要因素，并不是我们给幼年的孩子灌输了多少知识，而在于能否帮助孩子培养一系列的重要性格特质，如毅力、自我控制、好奇心、责任心、勇气以及自信心，这些都将影响其一生。

Cognitive Skill Development vs. Personality Traits

认知技能培养 VS 性格特质素质

The most inside quality which can not be ignored by us is Personality , which will have a huge impact on the career development and personal pursuit of  happiness of individuals . Briefly , the second thing that should be emphasized is the cultivation of cognitive skill ,such as : language , public speaking , football etc . One thing that is compelling is there is connection between Skill and Personality .They cannot be separated by each other .

最重要的不能被忽略的素质是性格，这将对个人的职业发展以及幸福的追求产生极大的影响。简单说，第二项应该被重视的是认知技能的培养，例如：语言，公共演讲，足球等。有趣的是，技能培养与个性之间有联系。他们不能被分开。

The reason why people advocate character-oriented thinking (growth mindset) is that today's American children, especially those raised in privileged environments, they are growing up with fewer failures than ever before. Absolutely, they also study hard and are often under pressure. But their education is actually easier and smoother than it has been for any generation, and many of them graduate from college without facing major challenges. Overprotected at home and school, students rarely encounter adversity, so they have little opportunity to develop critical skills to overcome setbacks.

提倡以性格为培养方向（成长型思维模式）原因在于，如今的美国儿童，特别是那些在优越环境中长大的孩子，在成长的过程中比以往任何时代都更少面对失败。当然，他们同样也学习刻苦，常常承受压力。但是，实际上他们接受教育的过程比以往任何一代人都更容易、顺利，他们中的许多人都不用面临重大挑战，就顺利从大学毕业。学生们在家中和学校受到过度保护，很少遭遇困境，因此他们鲜有机会培养出克服挫折的关键能力。

However , if children desire to develop a outstanding career , they must experience failures again and again , grit is one of dependable factors which can let them walk on the road to success .

可是，孩子若要在所从事的行业有所建树，必须要经历一次次的失败，坚毅是其中不可缺少的因素。