Thread.State

先看下Jvm源码中Thread.java中对Thread状态的枚举定义：

 /**
     * A thread state.  A thread can be in one of the following states:
     * <ul>
     * <li>{@link #NEW}<br>初始化状态
     *     A thread that has not yet started is in this state.  
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>运行状态，但是可能也在排队，等待cpu资源
     *     A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.  
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br> 等待monitor lock状态，线程同步场景
     *     A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock  
     *     is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #WAITING}<br> 等待状态
     *     A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to 
     *     perform a particular action is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br> 超时等待状态
     *     A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
     *     for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br> 终结态
     *     A thread that has exited is in this state.
     *     </li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>
     * A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.
     * These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
     * any operating system thread states.
     * 线程状态指示JVM内部的线程虚拟机状态，而不会引起外部OS的线程状态变化
     *
     * @since   1.5
     * @see #getState
     */
    public enum State {
        /**
         * Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
         */
        NEW,

        /**
         * Thread state for a runnable thread.  A thread in the runnable
         * state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
         * be waiting for other resources from the operating system
         * such as processor.
         */
        RUNNABLE,

        /**
         * Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
         * A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
         * to enter a synchronized block/method or
         * reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
         * {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
         */
        BLOCKED,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread.
         * A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
         * following methods:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
         * </ul>
         *
         * <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
         * perform a particular action.
         *
         * For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
         * on an object is waiting for another thread to call
         * <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
         * that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
         * is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
         */
        WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
         * A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
         * the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
         * <ul>
         *   <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
         *   <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
         *   <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
         * </ul>
         */
        TIMED_WAITING,

        /**
         * Thread state for a terminated thread.
         * The thread has completed execution.
         */
        TERMINATED;
    }

Java Thread目前的线程状态主要如上所示。

• 新建（NEW），表示线程被创建出来还没真正启动的状态，可以认为它是个Java内部状态，即初始化状态。
• 就绪（RUNNABLE），表示该线程已经在JVM中执行，当然由于执行需要计算资源，它可能是正在运行，也可能还在等待系统分配给它CPU片段，在就绪队列里面排队。 在其他一些分析中，会额外区分一种状态RUNNING，但是从Java API的角度，并不能表示出来。
• 阻塞（BLOCKED），这个状态和我们前面两讲介绍的同步非常相关，阻塞表示线程在等待Monitor lock。比如，线程试图通过synchronized去获取某个锁，但是其他线程已经独占了，那么当前线程就会处于阻塞状态。
• 等待（WAITING），表示正在等待其他线程采取某些操作。一个常见的场景是类似生产者消费者模式，发现任务条件尚未满足，就让当前消费者线程等待（wait），另外的生产者线程去准备任务数据，然后通过类似notify等动作，通知消费线程可以继续工作了。Thread.join()也会令线程进入等待状态。
• 计时等待（TIMED_WAITING），其进入条件和等待状态类似，但是调用的是存在超时条件的方法，比如wait或join等方法的指定超时版本，如下面示例：

public final native void wait(long timeout) throws InterruptedException;

• 终止（TERMINATED），不管是意外退出还是正常执行结束，线程已经完成使命，终止运行，也有人把这个状态叫作死亡。

问题：一个线程两次调用start()方法会出现什么情况？

所以答案是：Java的线程是不允许启动两次的，第二次调用必然会抛出IllegalThreadStateException，这是一种运行时异常，多次调用start被认为是编程错误。也就是一个线程只允许从New状态调用start。