一 words and expressions
1. As with the disparity between Renee and Steve, the key difference between Steve's performance and that of the new generation of memory whizzes lies in the details of their training.
disparity: a difference between two or more things, especially an unfair one〔两个或两个以上事物之间的〕不同，不平等，差异
whizz: someone who is very fast, intelligent, or skilled in a particular activity快手，高手，能人
例句：a disparity between the rates of pay for men and women
造句：There is great disparity between the amount of work that I do and what I get paid for it.
2.This joint development of skills and training techniques has—up to now at least—always been carried out through trial and error, with a field’s practitioners experimenting with various ways to improve, keeping what works and discarding what doesn’t.
joint: involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them联合的，共同的，共有的
造句：Many new structures are built with a new type of steel joint.
trial and error:a way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes that you make反覆试验，试错法
例句：There's no instant way of finding a cure - it's just aprocess oftrial and error.
3. ...without writing them down and stage actors who had to learn many lines every time they began a new play.
line: words that someone has to learn and say as part of a play or performance台词
造句：It always took me ages to learn my lines.
二 thoughts ＆ summary
今天，我们开始了第四章的内容，题目是：黄金标准
第四章终于进入了我们整本书的主题：刻意练习 deliberate practice
为了解释清楚，作者举了一个实验的例子
在对柏林艺术大学小提琴学生的研究发现，最杰出的人，练习的时间越长。在 18 岁之前，从事音乐教育的学生花在小提琴上训练时间平均为 3420 小时 ，而优异的小提琴学生平均训练了 5301 小时，最杰出的小提琴学生则平均练习了 7401 小时。
一系列研究表明，最杰出的人是那些在各种有目的的练习中花了最多时间的人 ，如果不花费无数小时的时间进行刻苦练习，没有人能够培养杰出的能力。
怎样进行deliberate practice？
刻意练习不只是有目的的练习
它需要一个已经得到合理发展的行业，如体育项目。也需要一位足够优秀的导师。
刻意练习的特点
①刻意练习的技能是其它人已经想出怎样提高的技能
这点是我们在进行刻意练习之前必须搞清楚的。比如说我的英语听力不行，我想要通过刻意练习来挺高听力。而提高英语听力的技能大脚都有比较公认的途径，比如精听和泛听。
②它发生在舒适区之外，目标明确，有意而为，包含反馈。
比如说在刻意练习英语听力中的精听时，我能够听懂的材料百分之90以上，这时应该提高材料的难度。反馈可以通过一些考试或练习题来实现。
③既产生有效的心理表征，又依靠有效的心理表征
经过我对英语听力的坚持的可以训练，我肯定会建立起一定的方法技巧以及对听力材料的与预判，建立起我的“知识结构”，这就是我们所说的心理表征。而我听力的进一步提高也要借助已经建立的心理表征。
