image.png

在 androidx.lifecycle 相关包名目录下，有很多 Lifecycle 相关的源码，如上图所示。其中起到核心作用的一个类是：LifecycleRegistry。

LifecycleRegistry:

可以处理多个观察者的 Lifecycle 实现。
它被 Frangments 和 Activities 所使用。 如果您有自定义 LifecycleOwner，也可以直接使用它。
Lifecycle 声明了添加观察者，移除观察者，获取当前生命周期状态三个抽象方法
而 LifecycleRegistry 则是其子类，他是观察者和被观察者的纽带，能够管理多个观察者；被观察者的生命周期事件都是通过该类 handleLifecycleEvent 方法进行下发的。

public class LifecycleRegistry extends Lifecycle {

    /**
     * Custom list that keeps observers and can handle removals / additions during traversal.
     *
     * Invariant: at any moment of time for observer1 & observer2:
     * if addition_order(observer1) < addition_order(observer2), then
     * state(observer1) >= state(observer2),
     */
    private FastSafeIterableMap<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState> mObserverMap =
            new FastSafeIterableMap<>();
    /**
     * Current state
     */
    private State mState;
    /**
     * The provider that owns this Lifecycle.
     * Only WeakReference on LifecycleOwner is kept, so if somebody leaks Lifecycle, they won't leak
     * the whole Fragment / Activity. However, to leak Lifecycle object isn't great idea neither,
     * because it keeps strong references on all other listeners, so you'll leak all of them as
     * well.
     */
    private final WeakReference<LifecycleOwner> mLifecycleOwner; //使用弱引用避免Activity/Fragment内存泄漏

    private int mAddingObserverCounter = 0;

    private boolean mHandlingEvent = false;
    private boolean mNewEventOccurred = false;

    // we have to keep it for cases:
    // void onStart() {
    //     mRegistry.removeObserver(this);
    //     mRegistry.add(newObserver);
    // }
    // newObserver should be brought only to CREATED state during the execution of
    // this onStart method. our invariant with mObserverMap doesn't help, because parent observer
    // is no longer in the map.
    private ArrayList<State> mParentStates = new ArrayList<>();

    /**
     * Creates a new LifecycleRegistry for the given provider.
     * <p>
     * You should usually create this inside your LifecycleOwner class's constructor and hold
     * onto the same instance.
     *
     * @param provider The owner LifecycleOwner
     */
    public LifecycleRegistry(@NonNull LifecycleOwner provider) {
        mLifecycleOwner = new WeakReference<>(provider);
        mState = INITIALIZED;
    }

    /**
     * Moves the Lifecycle to the given state and dispatches necessary events to the observers.
     *
     * @param state new state
     * @deprecated Use {@link #setCurrentState(State)}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    @MainThread
    public void markState(@NonNull State state) {
        setCurrentState(state);
    }

    /**
     * Moves the Lifecycle to the given state and dispatches necessary events to the observers.
     *
     * @param state new state
     */
    @MainThread
    public void setCurrentState(@NonNull State state) {
        moveToState(state);
    }

    //设置当前状态并通知观察者。请注意，如果 currentState 与上次调用此方法的状态相同，则调用此方法无效。
    public void handleLifecycleEvent(@NonNull Lifecycle.Event event) {
        State next = getStateAfter(event);
        moveToState(next);
    }

    private void moveToState(State next) {
        //1. 如果状态和当前状态一样，则不需要下发事件通知
        if (mState == next) {
            return;
        }
       //2. 更新最新生命周期事件状态
        mState = next;
        if (mHandlingEvent || mAddingObserverCounter != 0) {
            mNewEventOccurred = true;
            // we will figure out what to do on upper level.
            return;
        }
        //3. 表示当前正在处理事件
        mHandlingEvent = true;
        //4. 同步事件到各Observer
        sync();
        //5. 同步结束，重置标志
        mHandlingEvent = false;
    }
    //判断最新的和最旧的观察者状态是否一致，如果一致说明同步状态成功；如果无观察者默认已同步
    private boolean isSynced() {
        if (mObserverMap.size() == 0) {
            return true;
        }
        State eldestObserverState = mObserverMap.eldest().getValue().mState;
        State newestObserverState = mObserverMap.newest().getValue().mState;
        return eldestObserverState == newestObserverState && mState == newestObserverState;
    }

    private State calculateTargetState(LifecycleObserver observer) {
        Entry<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState> previous = mObserverMap.ceil(observer);

        State siblingState = previous != null ? previous.getValue().mState : null;
        State parentState = !mParentStates.isEmpty() ? mParentStates.get(mParentStates.size() - 1)
                : null;
        return min(min(mState, siblingState), parentState);
    }

    @Override
    public void addObserver(@NonNull LifecycleObserver observer) {
        State initialState = mState == DESTROYED ? DESTROYED : INITIALIZED;
        //创建一个带状态的Observer，可以理解为是observer的包装器
        ObserverWithState statefulObserver = new ObserverWithState(observer, initialState);
        //将observer以及带状态的observer保存到map中
        ObserverWithState previous = mObserverMap.putIfAbsent(observer, statefulObserver);
        //如果observer存在则无需添加，直接返回
        if (previous != null) {
            return;
        }
        //生命周期组件校验
        LifecycleOwner lifecycleOwner = mLifecycleOwner.get();
        if (lifecycleOwner == null) {
            // it is null we should be destroyed. Fallback quickly
            return;
        }

        boolean isReentrance = mAddingObserverCounter != 0 || mHandlingEvent;
        State targetState = calculateTargetState(observer);
        mAddingObserverCounter++;
        while ((statefulObserver.mState.compareTo(targetState) < 0
                && mObserverMap.contains(observer))) {
            pushParentState(statefulObserver.mState);
            statefulObserver.dispatchEvent(lifecycleOwner, upEvent(statefulObserver.mState));
            popParentState();
            // mState / subling may have been changed recalculate
            targetState = calculateTargetState(observer);
        }

        if (!isReentrance) {
            // we do sync only on the top level.
            sync();
        }
        mAddingObserverCounter--;
    }

    private void popParentState() {
        mParentStates.remove(mParentStates.size() - 1);
    }

    private void pushParentState(State state) {
        mParentStates.add(state);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeObserver(@NonNull LifecycleObserver observer) {
        // we consciously decided not to send destruction events here in opposition to addObserver.
        // Our reasons for that:
        // 1. These events haven't yet happened at all. In contrast to events in addObservers, that
        // actually occurred but earlier.
        // 2. There are cases when removeObserver happens as a consequence of some kind of fatal
        // event. If removeObserver method sends destruction events, then a clean up routine becomes
        // more cumbersome. More specific example of that is: your LifecycleObserver listens for
        // a web connection, in the usual routine in OnStop method you report to a server that a
        // session has just ended and you close the connection. Now let's assume now that you
        // lost an internet and as a result you removed this observer. If you get destruction
        // events in removeObserver, you should have a special case in your onStop method that
        // checks if your web connection died and you shouldn't try to report anything to a server.
        mObserverMap.remove(observer);
    }

    /**
     * The number of observers.
     *
     * @return The number of observers.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
    public int getObserverCount() {
        return mObserverMap.size();
    }

    @NonNull
    @Override
    public State getCurrentState() {
        return mState;
    }

    static State getStateAfter(Event event) {
        switch (event) {
            case ON_CREATE:
            case ON_STOP:
                return CREATED;
            case ON_START:
            case ON_PAUSE:
                return STARTED;
            case ON_RESUME:
                return RESUMED;
            case ON_DESTROY:
                return DESTROYED;
            case ON_ANY:
                break;
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected event value " + event);
    }

    private static Event downEvent(State state) {
        switch (state) {
            case INITIALIZED:
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            case CREATED:
                return ON_DESTROY;
            case STARTED:
                return ON_STOP;
            case RESUMED:
                return ON_PAUSE;
            case DESTROYED:
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected state value " + state);
    }

    private static Event upEvent(State state) {
        switch (state) {
            case INITIALIZED:
            case DESTROYED:
                return ON_CREATE;
            case CREATED:
                return ON_START;
            case STARTED:
                return ON_RESUME;
            case RESUMED:
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected state value " + state);
    }

    private void forwardPass(LifecycleOwner lifecycleOwner) {
        Iterator<Entry<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState>> ascendingIterator =
                mObserverMap.iteratorWithAdditions();
        while (ascendingIterator.hasNext() && !mNewEventOccurred) {
            Entry<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState> entry = ascendingIterator.next();
            ObserverWithState observer = entry.getValue();
            while ((observer.mState.compareTo(mState) < 0 && !mNewEventOccurred
                    && mObserverMap.contains(entry.getKey()))) {
                pushParentState(observer.mState);
                //可以看到最终事件是在这里分发给了observer
                observer.dispatchEvent(lifecycleOwner, upEvent(observer.mState));
                popParentState();
            }
        }
    }

    private void backwardPass(LifecycleOwner lifecycleOwner) {
        Iterator<Entry<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState>> descendingIterator =
                mObserverMap.descendingIterator();
        while (descendingIterator.hasNext() && !mNewEventOccurred) {
            Entry<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState> entry = descendingIterator.next();
            ObserverWithState observer = entry.getValue();
            while ((observer.mState.compareTo(mState) > 0 && !mNewEventOccurred
                    && mObserverMap.contains(entry.getKey()))) {
                Event event = downEvent(observer.mState);
                pushParentState(getStateAfter(event));
                observer.dispatchEvent(lifecycleOwner, event);
                popParentState();
            }
        }
    }

    // happens only on the top of stack (never in reentrance),
    // so it doesn't have to take in account parents
    private void sync() {
      //获取具备生命周期的组件，如果没有直接返回
        LifecycleOwner lifecycleOwner = mLifecycleOwner.get();
        if (lifecycleOwner == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("LifecycleOwner of this LifecycleRegistry is already"
                    + "garbage collected. It is too late to change lifecycle state.");
        }
        //如果未同步，那就同步状态直到完成
        while (!isSynced()) {
            mNewEventOccurred = false;
            // no need to check eldest for nullability, because isSynced does it for us.
            if (mState.compareTo(mObserverMap.eldest().getValue().mState) < 0) {
                backwardPass(lifecycleOwner);
            }
            Entry<LifecycleObserver, ObserverWithState> newest = mObserverMap.newest();
            if (!mNewEventOccurred && newest != null
                    && mState.compareTo(newest.getValue().mState) > 0) {
                forwardPass(lifecycleOwner);
            }
        }
        mNewEventOccurred = false;
    }

    static State min(@NonNull State state1, @Nullable State state2) {
        return state2 != null && state2.compareTo(state1) < 0 ? state2 : state1;
    }

    //带状态的Observer
    static class ObserverWithState {
        State mState;
        LifecycleEventObserver mLifecycleObserver;

        ObserverWithState(LifecycleObserver observer, State initialState) {
            //TODO 此处，感兴趣可以进去仔细研究
            mLifecycleObserver = Lifecycling.lifecycleEventObserver(observer);
            mState = initialState;
        }

        void dispatchEvent(LifecycleOwner owner, Event event) {
            State newState = getStateAfter(event);
            mState = min(mState, newState);
            mLifecycleObserver.onStateChanged(owner, event);
            mState = newState;
        }
    }
}

通过上面代码我们知道 handleLifecycleEvent 事件最后传递给 observer 的 dispatchEvent 方法中了。那么这个 observer 是什么？首先看下它的类是 ObserverWithState，它是在什么时候被创建的呢？答案是 addObserver 方法。
可以看到在 ObserverWithState 的 dispatchEvent 方法最终将事件委托给 mLifecycleObserver，可以看到这个 LifecycleEventObserver 类其实是 ReflectiveGenericLifecycleObserver 类型。ReflectiveGenericLifecycleObserver 使用了反射机制类调用方法，为了减少反射带来的性能问题，它做了哪些优化？可以看下 ClassesInfoCache 和 Lifecycling 里的相关源码。

生命周期感知型组件可执行操作来响应另一个组件（如 Activity 和 Fragment）的生命周期状态的变化。这些组件有助于您编写出更有条理且往往更精简的代码，此类代码更易于维护。

一种常见的模式是在 Activity 和 Fragment 的生命周期方法中实现依赖组件的操作。但是，这种模式会导致代码条理性很差而且会扩散错误。通过使用生命周期感知型组件，你可以将依赖组件的代码从生命周期方法移入组件本身中。

androidx.lifecycle 软件包提供了可用于构建生命周期感知型组件的类和接口 - 这些组件可以根据 Activity 或 Fragment 的当前生命周期状态自动调整其行为。

在 Android 框架中定义的大多数应用组件都存在生命周期。生命周期由操作系统或进程中运行的框架代码管理。它们是 Android 工作原理的核心，应用必须遵循它们。如果不这样做，可能会引发内存泄漏甚至应用崩溃。

Lifecycle 是一个类，用于存储有关组件（如 Activity 或 Fragment）的生命周期状态的信息，并允许其他对象观察此状态。

States：
从框架和 Lifecycle 类分派的生命周期事件。这些事件映射到 Activity 和 Fragment 中的回调事件。

Events：
由 Lifecycle 对象跟踪的组件的当前状态。

构成 Android Activity 生命周期的状态和事件

Lifecycle:

定义一个具有 Android 生命周期的对象。 Fragment 和 FragmentActivity 类实现 LifecycleOwner 接口，该接口具有访问 Lifecycle 的 getLifecycle 方法。你还可以在自己的类中实现 LifecycleOwner。

该类中的 Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE、Lifecycle.Event.ON_START、Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME 事件在 LifecycleOwner 的相关方法返回后调用。此类中的 Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE、Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP、Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY 事件是在调用 LifecycleOwner 的相关方法之前调度的。例如，Lifecycle.Event.ON_START 将在 onStart 返回后调度，Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP 将在 onStop 被调用之前调度。这为您提供了有关所有者所处状态的某些保证。

如果您使用 Java 8 语言，则使用 DefaultLifecycleObserver 观察事件。要包含它，你应该将“androidx.lifecycle:common-java8:<version>”添加到您的 build.gradle 文件中。
比如 TestObserver 类，实现 DefaultLifecycleObserver {
@覆盖
public void onCreate(LifecycleOwner owner) {
// 你的代码
}
}

如果您使用 Java 7 语言，则使用注释观察生命周期事件。一旦 Java 8 Language 在 Android 上成为主流，注解将被弃用，因此在 DefaultLifecycleObserver 和注解之间，您必须始终选择 DefaultLifecycleObserver。
TestObserver 类，实现 LifecycleObserver {
@OnLifecycleEvent(ON_STOP)
void onStopped() {}
}

观察者方法可以接收零个或一个参数。如果使用，第一个参数必须是 LifecycleOwner 类型。用 Lifecycle.Event.ON_ANY 注释的方法可以接收第二个参数，它必须是 Lifecycle.Event 类型。
TestObserver 类， 实现 LifecycleObserver {
@OnLifecycleEvent(ON_CREATE)
void onCreated(LifecycleOwner source) {}
@OnLifecycleEvent(ON_ANY)
void onAny(LifecycleOwner source, Event event) {}
}

提供这些附加参数是为了让您可以方便地观察多个提供者和事件，而无需手动跟踪它们。

public abstract class Lifecycle {

    /**
     * Lifecycle coroutines extensions stashes the CoroutineScope into this field.
     *
     * @hide used by lifecycle-common-ktx
     */
    @RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY_GROUP)
    @NonNull
    AtomicReference<Object> mInternalScopeRef = new AtomicReference<>();

    /**
     * Adds a LifecycleObserver that will be notified when the LifecycleOwner changes
     * state.
     * <p>
     * The given observer will be brought to the current state of the LifecycleOwner.
     * For example, if the LifecycleOwner is in {@link State#STARTED} state, the given observer
     * will receive {@link Event#ON_CREATE}, {@link Event#ON_START} events.
     *
     * @param observer The observer to notify.
     */
    @MainThread
    public abstract void addObserver(@NonNull LifecycleObserver observer);

    /**
     * Removes the given observer from the observers list.
     * <p>
     * If this method is called while a state change is being dispatched,
     * <ul>
     * <li>If the given observer has not yet received that event, it will not receive it.
     * <li>If the given observer has more than 1 method that observes the currently dispatched
     * event and at least one of them received the event, all of them will receive the event and
     * the removal will happen afterwards.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param observer The observer to be removed.
     */
    @MainThread
    public abstract void removeObserver(@NonNull LifecycleObserver observer);

    /**
     * Returns the current state of the Lifecycle.
     *
     * @return The current state of the Lifecycle.
     */
    @MainThread
    @NonNull
    public abstract State getCurrentState();

    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
    public enum Event {
        /**
         * Constant for onCreate event of the {@link LifecycleOwner}.
         */
        ON_CREATE,
        /**
         * Constant for onStart event of the {@link LifecycleOwner}.
         */
        ON_START,
        /**
         * Constant for onResume event of the {@link LifecycleOwner}.
         */
        ON_RESUME,
        /**
         * Constant for onPause event of the {@link LifecycleOwner}.
         */
        ON_PAUSE,
        /**
         * Constant for onStop event of the {@link LifecycleOwner}.
         */
        ON_STOP,
        /**
         * Constant for onDestroy event of the {@link LifecycleOwner}.
         */
        ON_DESTROY,
        /**
         * An {@link Event Event} constant that can be used to match all events.
         */
        ON_ANY
    }

    /**
     * Lifecycle states. You can consider the states as the nodes in a graph and
     * {@link Event}s as the edges between these nodes.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
    public enum State {
        /**
         * Destroyed state for a LifecycleOwner. After this event, this Lifecycle will not dispatch
         * any more events. For instance, for an {@link android.app.Activity}, this state is reached
         * <b>right before</b> Activity's {@link android.app.Activity#onDestroy() onDestroy} call.
         */
        DESTROYED,

        /**
         * Initialized state for a LifecycleOwner. For an {@link android.app.Activity}, this is
         * the state when it is constructed but has not received
         * {@link android.app.Activity#onCreate(android.os.Bundle) onCreate} yet.
         */
        INITIALIZED,

        /**
         * Created state for a LifecycleOwner. For an {@link android.app.Activity}, this state
         * is reached in two cases:
         * <ul>
         *     <li>after {@link android.app.Activity#onCreate(android.os.Bundle) onCreate} call;
         *     <li><b>right before</b> {@link android.app.Activity#onStop() onStop} call.
         * </ul>
         */
        CREATED,

        /**
         * Started state for a LifecycleOwner. For an {@link android.app.Activity}, this state
         * is reached in two cases:
         * <ul>
         *     <li>after {@link android.app.Activity#onStart() onStart} call;
         *     <li><b>right before</b> {@link android.app.Activity#onPause() onPause} call.
         * </ul>
         */
        STARTED,

        /**
         * Resumed state for a LifecycleOwner. For an {@link android.app.Activity}, this state
         * is reached after {@link android.app.Activity#onResume() onResume} is called.
         */
        RESUMED;

        /**
         * Compares if this State is greater or equal to the given {@code state}.
         *
         * @param state State to compare with
         * @return true if this State is greater or equal to the given {@code state}
         */
        public boolean isAtLeast(@NonNull State state) {
            return compareTo(state) >= 0;
        }
    }
}

Activity 的生命周期事件是如何被转发到 LifecycleRegistry 中的，LifecycleRegistry 类 和 java 中 Observable 类有点像；因为 Lifecycle 的设计思想有部分就是使用了观察者模式，LifecycleRegistry 类中可以注册或反注册多个观察者，一旦生命周期发生变更 LifecycleRegistry 会及时通知所有的观察者，这样就达到了观察者能够感知带生命周期组件的变化了。

LifecycleOwner：

LifecycleOwner 是单一方法接口，表示类具有 Lifecycle。它具有一种方法（即 getLifecycle()），该方法必须由类实现。如果您尝试管理整个应用进程的生命周期，请参阅 ProcessLifecycleOwner。

此接口从各个类（如 Fragment 和 AppCompatActivity）抽象化 Lifecycle 的所有权，并允许编写与这些类搭配使用的组件。任何自定义应用类均可实现 LifecycleOwner 接口。

实现 DefaultLifecycleObserver 的组件可与实现 LifecycleOwner 的组件完美配合，因为所有者可以提供生命周期，而观察者可以注册以观察生命周期。

一个常见的用例是，如果 Lifecycle 现在未处于良好的状态，则应避免调用某些回调。例如，如果回调在 Activity 状态保存后运行 Fragment 事务，就会触发崩溃，因此我们绝不能调用该回调。

为简化此使用场景，Lifecycle 类允许其他对象查询当前状态。

如果库提供了需要使用 Android 生命周期的类，我们建议您使用生命周期感知型组件。你可以轻松集成这些组件，而无需在客户端进行手动生命周期管理。

实现自定义 LifecycleOwner
如果您有一个自定义类并希望使其成为 LifecycleOwner，您可以使用 LifecycleRegistry 类，但需要将事件转发到该类，如以下代码示例中所示：

class MyActivity : Activity(), LifecycleOwner {

    private lateinit var lifecycleRegistry: LifecycleRegistry

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        lifecycleRegistry = LifecycleRegistry(this)
        lifecycleRegistry.markState(Lifecycle.State.CREATED)
    }

    public override fun onStart() {
        super.onStart()
        lifecycleRegistry.markState(Lifecycle.State.STARTED)
    }

    override fun getLifecycle(): Lifecycle {
        return lifecycleRegistry
    }
}

生命周期感知型组件的最佳做法

• 使界面控制器（Activity 和 Fragment）尽可能保持精简。它们不应试图获取自己的数据，而应使用 ViewModel 执行此操作，并观察 LiveData 对象以将更改体现到视图中。
• 设法编写数据驱动型界面，对于此类界面，界面控制器的责任是随着数据更改而更新视图，或者将用户操作通知给 ViewModel。
• 将数据逻辑放在 ViewModel 类中。ViewModel 应充当界面控制器与应用其余部分之间的连接器。不过要注意，ViewModel 不负责获取数据（例如，从网络获取）。但是，ViewModel 应调用相应的组件来获取数据，然后将结果提供给界面控制器。
• 使用数据绑定在视图与界面控制器之间维持干净的接口。这样一来，您可以使视图更具声明性，并尽量减少需要在 Activity 和 Fragment 中编写的更新代码。如果您更愿意使用 Java 编程语言执行此操作，请使用诸如 Butter Knife 之类的库，以避免样板代码并实现更好的抽象化。
• 如果界面很复杂，不妨考虑创建 presenter 类来处理界面的修改。这可能是一项艰巨的任务，但这样做可使界面组件更易于测试。
• 避免在 ViewModel 中引用 View 或 Activity 上下文。如果 ViewModel 存在的时间比 Activity 更长（在配置更改的情况下），Activity 将泄漏并且不会获得垃圾回收器的妥善处置。
• 使用 Kotlin 协程 管理长时间运行的任务和其他可以异步运行的操作。

生命周期感知型组件的用例

生命周期感知型组件可使您在各种情况下更轻松地管理生命周期。下面列举几个例子：

• 在粗粒度和细粒度位置更新之间切换。使用生命周期感知型组件可在位置应用可见时启用细粒度位置更新，并在应用位于后台时切换到粗粒度更新。借助生命周期感知型组件 LiveData，应用可以在用户使用位置发生变化时自动更新界面。
• 停止和开始视频缓冲。使用生命周期感知型组件可尽快开始视频缓冲，但会推迟播放，直到应用完全启动。此外，应用销毁后，您还可以使用生命周期感知型组件终止缓冲。
• 开始和停止网络连接。借助生命周期感知型组件，可在应用位于前台时启用网络数据的实时更新（流式传输），并在应用进入后台时自动暂停。
• 暂停和恢复动画可绘制资源。借助生命周期感知型组件，可在应用位于后台时暂停动画可绘制资源，并在应用位于前台后恢复可绘制资源。