Considering that safe anaesthetics and antibiotics were only discovered in the 19th and 20th centuries, it was a truly painful and risky business to go under the knife in the past. But as far back as the mid-15th century nose jobs were carried out using skin taken from the upper arm.

考虑到安全的麻醉剂和抗生素是在 19 世纪和 20 世纪才被发现的，在过去动刀确实是一件痛苦和冒险的事情。但早在 15 世纪中叶， 隆鼻手术就是使用取自上臂的皮肤进行的

1、anaesthetics n.麻醉学