宗教的法则 The Law of Religion
宗教早在认知革命时期就已经产生,由宗教举办的活动可以算作是人类历史最古老的集体活动之一。在没有国家、种族和金钱等概念的时候,人类就已经在宗教的指引下团结在了一起。
所以其实也可以理解为什么宗教能在当今社会具有一席之地,虽然它也是人类虚构的产物,但它却是除金钱和帝国之外,第三种让人类统一的力量,拥有超人类的合法性。宗教的“法律”来自于一种绝对神圣的最高权柄,有绝对不可动摇的基本法则规范人类的行为,从而能够确保社会的稳定。
Religion can thus be defined asa system of human norms and values that is founded on a belief in a superhuman order.
因此,我们可以说宗教是“一种人类规范及价值观的系统,建立在超人类的秩序之上”。
不是所有的虚构行为都能算作是宗教,也并不是所有的宗教都能有拥有强大的社会影响力,虽然宗教起步早,但到了公元前1000年间,才开始出现具备普世和推广性质的宗教。
In order to unite under its aegis a large expanse of territory inhabited by disparate groups of human beings, a religion must possess two further qualities. First, it must espouse a universal superhuman order that is true always and everywhere. Second, it must insist on spreading this belief to everyone. In other words, it must be universal and missionary.
某个宗教如果想要将幅员广阔、族群各异的人群都收归旗下,就还必须具备另外两种特质。第一,它信奉的超人类秩序必须普世皆同,不论时空而永恒为真。第二,它还必须坚定地将这种信念传播给大众。换句话说,宗教必须同时具备“普世特质”和“推广特质”。
泛神论-多神论(polytheistic)
Gods such as the fertility goddess, the sky god and the god of medicine took centre stage when plants and animals lost their ability to speak, and the gods’ main role was to mediate between humans and the mute plants and animals.
在人类不再认为可以和动植物直接沟通之后,就开始出现掌管生育、掌管气候、掌管医药的各种神灵概念,好替人类和这些沉默的动植物沟通协商。
农业革命时期,人类开始改造自然、利用资源。从泛神论转化到多神论,其实在一定程度上是人类试图减弱屠杀生灵罪恶感的一种尝试。同时,人类假想未知的自然是“神”,是在提高了神的地位的同时,提高了人类自己的地位。
多神论-一神论(monotheism)
The fundamental insight of polytheism,which distinguishes it from monotheism, is that the supreme power governing the world is devoid of interests and biases, and therefore it is unconcerned with the mundane desires, cares and worries of humans.
多神论与一神论不同的观点,在于多神论认为主宰世界的最高权力不带有任何私心或偏见,因此对于人类各种世俗的欲望、担心和忧虑毫不在意。
The only reason to approach the supreme power of the universe would be to renounce all desires and embrace the bad along with the good – to embrace even defeat, poverty, sickness and death.
要接近这个宇宙至高的权力,就代表要放下所有的欲望、接受福祸共存的事实,坦然面对失败、贫穷、疾病和死亡。
神没有偏见,人有。多神论逐渐深化的结果就是一神论的发展,一些多神论者会自然形成对某位神灵的偏好,提高这位神灵的“人气”,从而形成着重崇拜这位神灵的小群体。所以无论在何处,多神论宗教都在不断衍生出一个又一个一神论宗教。
一神论并不见得比多神论优越,但却比多神论更能吸收教众,而这些教众也更容易帮助传教。所以相比于多神论,一神论更加有效,传播也更加便利,于是扩散非常快,在世界取得了极大的成功。
一神论-二元论
二元论认为,世界分为善恶两端,善恶为对立力量相互制衡。人类对于“恶”的无尽追问,在二元论中有了解读。所以即便二元论有诸多不合理,一神论范围广又概念优,二元论从未真正消失。许多我们以为是一神论的基本概念,都是出自二元论的本质和精神,比如我们常说的“魔鬼”和“撒旦”就出于此。
In fact, monotheism, as it has played out in history, is a kaleidoscope of monotheist, dualist, polytheist and animist legacies, jumbling together under a single divine umbrella. The averageChristian believes in the monotheist God, but also in the dualist Devil, in polytheist saints, and in animist ghosts. Scholars of religion have a name for this simultaneous avowal of different and even contradictory ideas and the combination of rituals and practices taken from different sources. It’s called syncretism. Syncretism might, in fact, be the single great world religion.
从历史上来看,一神论就像是个万花筒,承继了一神论、二元论、多神论和泛神论,收纳在同一个神圣论述之下。结果就是,基督徒大致上是信奉一神论的上帝,相信二元论的魔鬼,崇拜多神论的圣人,还相信泛神论的鬼魂。像这样同时有着不同甚至矛盾的思想,而又结合各种不同来源的仪式和做法,宗教学上有一个特别的名称:综摄(syncretism)。很有可能,综摄才是全球最大的单一宗教。