说到 super, 大家可能觉得很简单呀,不就是用来调用父类方法的嘛。如果真的这么简单的话也就不会有这篇文章了,且听我细细道来。
约定
在开始之前我们来约定一下本文所使用的 Python 版本。默认用的是 Python 3,也就是说:本文所定义的类都是新式类。如果你用到是 Python 2 的话,记得继承 object:
# 默认, Python 3
class A:
pass
# Python 2
class A(object):
pass
Python 3 和 Python 2 的另一个区别是: Python 3 可以使用直接使用 super().xxx 代替 super(Class, self).xxx :
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"># 默认,Python 3 class B(A): def add(self, x): super().add(x) # Python 2 class B(A): def add(self, x): super(B, self).add(x)</pre>
所以,你如果用的是 Python 2 的话,记得将本文的 super() 替换为 suepr(Class, self) 。
如果还有其他不兼容 Python 2 的情况,我会在文中注明的。
单继承
在单继承中 super 就像大家所想的那样,主要是用来调用父类的方法的。
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">class A: def init(self): self.n = 2 def add(self, m): print('self is {0} @A.add'.format(self)) self.n += m class B(A): def init(self): self.n = 3 def add(self, m): print('self is {0} @B.add'.format(self)) super().add(m) self.n += 3</pre>
你觉得执行下面代码后, b.n 的值是多少呢?
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">b = B() b.add(2) print(b.n)</pre>
执行结果如下:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self is <main.B object at 0x106c49b38> @B.add self is <main.B object at 0x106c49b38> @A.add 8</pre>
这个结果说明了两个问题:
- 1、super().add(m) 确实调用了父类 A 的 add 方法。
- 2、super().add(m) 调用父类方法 def add(self, m) 时, 此时父类中 self 并不是父类的实例而是子类的实例, 所以 b.add(2) 之后的结果是 5 而不是 4 。
不知道这个结果是否和你想到一样呢?下面我们来看一个多继承的例子。
多继承
这次我们再定义一个 class C,一个 class D:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">class C(A): def init(self): self.n = 4 def add(self, m): print('self is {0} @C.add'.format(self)) super().add(m) self.n += 4 class D(B, C): def init(self): self.n = 5 def add(self, m): print('self is {0} @D.add'.format(self)) super().add(m) self.n += 5</pre>
下面的代码又输出啥呢?
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">d = D() d.add(2) print(d.n)</pre>
这次的输出如下:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @D.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @B.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @C.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @A.add 19</pre>
你说对了吗?你可能会认为上面代码的输出类似:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @D.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @B.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @A.add 15</pre>
为什么会跟预期的不一样呢?下面我们将一起来看看 super 的奥秘。
super 是个类
当我们调用 super() 的时候,实际上是实例化了一个 super 类。你没看错, super 是个类,既不是关键字也不是函数等其他数据结构:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> class A: pass ... >>> s = super(A) >>> type(s) <class 'super'> >>></pre>
在大多数情况下, super 包含了两个非常重要的信息: 一个 MRO 以及 MRO 中的一个类。当以如下方式调用 super 时:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">super(a_type, obj)</pre>
MRO 指的是 type(obj) 的 MRO, MRO 中的那个类就是 a_type , 同时 isinstance(obj, a_type) == True 。
当这样调用时:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">super(type1, type2)</pre>
MRO 指的是 type2 的 MRO, MRO 中的那个类就是 type1 ,同时 issubclass(type2, type1) == True 。
那么, super() 实际上做了啥呢?简单来说就是:提供一个 MRO 以及一个 MRO 中的类 C , super() 将返回一个从 MRO中 C 之后的类中查找方法的对象。
也就是说,查找方式时不是像常规方法一样从所有的 MRO 类中查找,而是从 MRO 的 tail 中查找。
举个栗子, 有个 MRO:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">[A, B, C, D, E, object]</pre>
下面的调用:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">super(C, A).foo()</pre>
super 只会从 C 之后查找,即: 只会在 D 或 E 或 object 中查找 foo 方法。
多继承中 super 的工作方式
再回到前面的
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">d = D() d.add(2) print(d.n)</pre>
现在你可能已经有点眉目,为什么输出会是
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @D.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @B.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @C.add self is <main.D object at 0x10ce10e48> @A.add 19</pre>
了吧 ;)
下面我们来具体分析一下:
D 的 MRO 是: [D, B, C, A, object] 。 备注: 可以通过 D.mro() (Python 2 使用 D.mro ) 来查看 D 的 MRO 信息)
-
详细的代码分析如下:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251);">class A: def init(self): self.n = 2 def add(self, m): # 第四步 # 来自 D.add 中的 super # self == d, self.n == d.n == 5 print('self is {0} @A.add'.format(self)) self.n += m # d.n == 7 class B(A): def init(self): self.n = 3 def add(self, m): # 第二步 # 来自 D.add 中的 super # self == d, self.n == d.n == 5 print('self is {0} @B.add'.format(self)) # 等价于 suepr(B, self).add(m) # self 的 MRO 是 [D, B, C, A, object] # 从 B 之后的 [C, A, object] 中查找 add 方法 super().add(m) # 第六步 # d.n = 11 self.n += 3 # d.n = 14 class C(A): def init(self): self.n = 4 def add(self, m): # 第三步 # 来自 B.add 中的 super # self == d, self.n == d.n == 5 print('self is {0} @C.add'.format(self)) # 等价于 suepr(C, self).add(m) # self 的 MRO 是 [D, B, C, A, object] # 从 C 之后的 [A, object] 中查找 add 方法 super().add(m) # 第五步 # d.n = 7 self.n += 4 # d.n = 11 class D(B, C): def init(self): self.n = 5 def add(self, m): # 第一步 print('self is {0} @D.add'.format(self)) # 等价于 super(D, self).add(m) # self 的 MRO 是 [D, B, C, A, object] # 从 D 之后的 [B, C, A, object] 中查找 add 方法 super().add(m) # 第七步 # d.n = 14 self.n += 5 # self.n = 19 d = D() d.add(2) print(d.n)</pre>
调用过程图如下:
<pre class="prettyprint prettyprinted" style="border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-image: initial; margin: 15px auto; padding: 10px 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Andale Mono", "lucida console", "Courier New", monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; word-wrap: break-word; background: url("/images/codecolorer_bg.gif") center top rgb(251, 251, 251);">D.mro() == [D, B, C, A, object] d = D() d.n == 5 d.add(2) class D(B, C): class B(A): class C(A): class A: def add(self, m): def add(self, m): def add(self, m): def add(self, m): super().add(m) 1.---> super().add(m) 2.---> super().add(m) 3.---> self.n += m self.n += 5 <------6. self.n += 3 <----5. self.n += 4 <----4. <--| (14+5=19) (11+3=14) (7+4=11) (5+2=7)</pre>
现在你知道为什么 d.add(2) 后 d.n 的值是 19 了吧 ;)