backbone
英英释义：courage and determination
例句：He has a crush on Sarah, but doesn't have the backbone to ask her out.
"backbone" 是名词，最基本的意思是“脊柱” “脊骨”，也常被引申表示为“支柱”（比如支柱产业中的支柱“）和”勇气/胆量“。我们今天学习它作” 胆量“的意思。它作”胆量“时是不可数名词，可以替换我们常用的”courage".
我们常说某人“怂”，喜欢一个姑娘却不敢去追，就可以说：
He has a crush on Sarah, but doesn't have then backbone to ask her out.（“ have a crush on sb” 是固定表达，意思是迷恋某人）
~ Crush
最近的重庆公交事故就是没有人有胆量阻止一个中年妇女袭击司机造成，就可以说：
Nobody not the Chongqing bus had the backbone to intervene and prevent the middle-edge woman from assaulting the driver. If somebody did, the story would have turned out very differently.
2014年美国波士顿学院前棒球选手发起了风靡全球的ALS 冰桶挑战（ice Bucket Challenge），要求参与者在网络上发布自己被冰水浇遍全身的视频，然后该参与者便可以要求其他人来参与这一活动，活动规定，被邀请者要么在24小时内接受挑战，要么就选择为对抗“肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症”捐出100美元。
如果你有朋友接受了这项挑战，就可以说：
He has enough backbone to take up the Ice Bucket Challenge.
1. 翻译
他没有胆量，在最后一刻放弃了奖学金申请。
Lacking the backbone, he gave up the scholarship application at the last minute.
2. 造句
～场景：她具备足够的勇气接受新职位和职责的挑战
～造句：She has enough backbone to take up the challenge of her new role and responsibility.
