《认知天性》这本书中提到学习的三个关键步骤，是编码、巩固和检索。但我觉得作者在书中提到的总结反思，建立心智模型也应该纳入学习的步骤中。
学习的第一个步骤是编码。大脑会把你感知到的东西转化为化学与生物电形式的变化，这些变化形成了一种心理表征，这个过程就叫做编码。这种新表征称为记忆痕迹，是短期记忆。
把这类心理表征强化为长期记忆的过程，被人们称为巩固。我觉得巩固的过程不光是通过有间隔的反复检索，其实总结反思和建立心智模型也应该纳入到巩固的这个步骤里。作者提到了如何做学习后的巩固反思，在完成一节课或一次阅读作业后，可以问自己课程的核心思想是什么？哪些是相关的例子，如何把这些内容和自己联系起来，在练习过新知识新技能后，可以问自己，哪些是做得好的，哪些还可以做得更好。或者下次我能用什么方法以获得更好的结果。经过以上的反思后，知识将进一步的巩固在脑海里。
打造心智模型也是很重要而且很必要的一步。心智模型是被牢牢记住并且熟练应用的技能或知识结构。心智技能是通过知识不断巩固之后打造出来的一种能够灵活应变的能力。能够在复杂多变的环境中游刃有余。
当你的心智模型建立起来以后就具备了学习迁移的能力，它是在新环境下运用所学的一种能力，这样我们的学习目的就达到了。
In the book MAKE IT STICK, it is mentioned that the three key steps of learning are coding, consolidation and retrieval. However, I think reflection and establishing the mental model are also necessary steps of learning.
The first step is coding. Your brain would transfer the information you get into biological electricity or chemical electricity, and then the mental representation would be formed in your mind. This process is called coding. But this representation in mind is only short-term memory.
Consolidation is the process to transfer this short-term momery into long-term memory. Our memory can be consolidated not only by interval retrieval, but also reflection and establishing the mental model. The author tells us how to do the reflection after learning. For example, after you finish a lesson, think about the key points of the lesson and relevant examples. How can you relate yourself to the knowledge you have learned? And after you have practised the new knowledge or skills, ask yourself what have you done well and what are the parts that you haven't done well in ? How can I do better next time? After the reflection, knowledge will be probably deeply embedded in your brain.
To establish the mental model is also an essential step and necessary step after learning. Mental model is the skills or knowledge structures that have been mastered and applied freely by yourself. Mental skills are the ability to apply the knowledge after it has been consolidated in your mind.
After you have established the mental models, you will definitely be able to apply the knowledge in any new circumstances freely. And that's our ultimate purpose of learning.
