项目中添加DumpHelper.h文件，文件内容如下

#ifndef DUMPHELPER_H
#define DUMPHELPER_H
#include <windows.h>
#include <DbgHelp.h>

#pragma comment(lib, "user32.lib")
int GenerateMiniDump(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS pExceptionPointers)
{
    // 定义函数指针
    typedef BOOL(WINAPI * MiniDumpWriteDumpT)(
        HANDLE,
        DWORD,
        HANDLE,
        MINIDUMP_TYPE,
        PMINIDUMP_EXCEPTION_INFORMATION,
        PMINIDUMP_USER_STREAM_INFORMATION,
        PMINIDUMP_CALLBACK_INFORMATION
        );
    // 从 "DbgHelp.dll" 库中获取 "MiniDumpWriteDump" 函数
    MiniDumpWriteDumpT pfnMiniDumpWriteDump = NULL;
    HMODULE hDbgHelp = LoadLibrary(L"DbgHelp.dll");
    if (NULL == hDbgHelp)
    {
        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
    }
    pfnMiniDumpWriteDump = (MiniDumpWriteDumpT)GetProcAddress(hDbgHelp, "MiniDumpWriteDump");

    if (NULL == pfnMiniDumpWriteDump)
    {
        FreeLibrary(hDbgHelp);
        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
    }
    // 创建 dump 文件
    wchar_t szFileName[MAX_PATH] = { 0 };
    wchar_t szVersion[] = L"DumpFile";
    SYSTEMTIME stLocalTime;
    GetLocalTime(&stLocalTime);
    wsprintf(szFileName, L"%s-%04d%02d%02d-%02d%02d%02d.dmp",
             szVersion, stLocalTime.wYear, stLocalTime.wMonth, stLocalTime.wDay,
             stLocalTime.wHour, stLocalTime.wMinute, stLocalTime.wSecond);
    HANDLE hDumpFile = CreateFile(szFileName, GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
                                  FILE_SHARE_WRITE | FILE_SHARE_READ, 0, CREATE_ALWAYS, 0, 0);
    if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hDumpFile)
    {
        FreeLibrary(hDbgHelp);
        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
    }
    // 写入 dmp 文件
    MINIDUMP_EXCEPTION_INFORMATION expParam;
    expParam.ThreadId = GetCurrentThreadId();
    expParam.ExceptionPointers = pExceptionPointers;
    expParam.ClientPointers = FALSE;
    pfnMiniDumpWriteDump(GetCurrentProcess(), GetCurrentProcessId(),
                         hDumpFile, MiniDumpWithDataSegs, (pExceptionPointers ? &expParam : NULL), NULL, NULL);
    // 释放文件
    CloseHandle(hDumpFile);
    FreeLibrary(hDbgHelp);
    return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;
}

LONG WINAPI ExceptionFilter(LPEXCEPTION_POINTERS lpExceptionInfo)
{
    // 这里做一些异常的过滤或提示
    if (IsDebuggerPresent())
    {
        return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
    }
    return GenerateMiniDump(lpExceptionInfo);
}
#endif // !DUMPHELPER_H

使用

在main函数开头添加以下代码

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    SetUnhandledExceptionFilter(ExceptionFilter);
    
    ...
}