本文和大家聊聊Handler工作机制这档子事。
什么是Handler?
官方定义:
A Handler allows you to send and process Message and Runnable objects associated with a thread's MessageQueue. Each Handler instance is associated with a single thread and that thread's message queue. When you create a new Handler, it is bound to the thread / message queue of the thread that is creating it -- from that point on, it will deliver messages and runnables to that message queue and execute them as they come out of the message queue.
通俗的讲,咱们可以把Handler理解为Android中线程与线程间通信的工具。
Handler结构图
Handler如何工作?
咱们先来通过一个常见的场景,分析Handler是如何工作的。
第一步,咱们创建一个Handler实例,代码如下:
public Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if(msg.what == GUI_UPDATE_TEXT) {
String strValue = (String) msg.obj;
mTextView.setText(strValue);
}
}
};
第二步,咱们定义一个工作者线程,用来处理一些阻塞操作,代码如下:
class WorkerThread extends Thread{
private Handler mHandler;
public WorkerThread(Handler handler){
mHandler = handler;
}
@Override
public void run(){
//do something
Message msg = mHandler.obtainMessage(GUI_UPDATE_TEXT, strValue);
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
}
第三步,执行线程,开始干活,代码如下:
WorkerThread workerThread = new WorkerThread(mHandler);
workerThread.start();
第一步中咱们创建了Handler,看似很简单明了的一个操作,其实Handler背后做了很多工作。
Handler被创建时,需要从当前线程中获取looper,并获取该looper中的消息队列(MessageQueue)。代码段如下:
// Handler源码
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
...........
mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); //获取当前线程的looper
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; //获取looper中的消息队列
.............
.............
}
第二步中线程执行完阻塞的事情后,会调动Handler的sendMessage,那sendMessage又做了什么呢?
sendMessage最终会调用sendMessageAtTime(是所有send方法的终点),sendMessageAtTime将消息(message)加入消息队列(MessageQueue)中,开始休息传递。代码段如下:
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); //将消息加入消息队列
}
到这里,咱们要传递的消息已经在消息队列中了,那是如何通知Handler的handleMessage的呢?
这就要谈到looper了,looper中有一个loop()方法,它会一直循环(不是轮询)检查消息队列中是否有可用的消息,若有可用的消息,则从消息中获取其所属的Handler,并调用Handler的dispatchMessage,由dispatchMessage将消息送达hanndleMessage。
Looper代码段如下:
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
.................
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // 获取可用的消息,此方法是阻塞的
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
...................
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//获取message所属的Handler,调用其dispatchMessage
end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
..................
...................
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
Handler代码段如下:
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
至此,主线程就可以执行UI更新,结束消息传递工作。
分析到这里,仍然有一些问题困惑着我们,例如:
- Looper是如何与当前线程关联?
- Handler的延时发送是如何实现?
下面咱们来具体谈谈
Looper是如何与当前线程关联?
众所周知,Looper的初始化是通过调用prepare()方法,机敏的读者马上就会意识到,Looper与线程的关联一定与这个方法有关系。
没错,但是在讲解prepare方法之前,咱们先来看看ThreadLocal,因为它才是实现Looper与线程关联的核心元素。
ThreadLocal是线程的本地化变量,即只有拥有它的线程才可以访问,那它是如何做到这一点的呢?
ThreadLocal获取到当前线程对象,从该线程对象中获得ThreadLocalMap(即以ThreadLocal为key的map),并将自身放入到这个map,这样就完成了线程的本地化存储,即实现了只有拥有它的线程才可以访问。
ThreadLocal代码段如下:
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();//获取当前线程对象
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);//从线程对象中获取ThreadLocalMap
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);//若map中已经存在ThreadLocal,则放入自身和值(这里咱们假设值是Looper)
else
createMap(t, value);
}
咱们回到prepare()方法,该方法中将Looper存入threadlocal,完成Looper与当前线程的关联。Looper代码段如下:
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
Handler的延时发送是如何实现?
延时消息发送的关键在MesaageQueue的enqueueMessage方法,需要延时发送的消息,在加入消息队列时,会根据当前消息的when值对整个消息队列进行升序排序,当when值超时,会被Looper获取到,从而完成延时消息的发送。
when值默认是系统启动到现在运行时间,不包含设备休眠的时间
下面咱们结合代码来看看:
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
......................
......................
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // 当前消息的when < p.when,就将p放到当前消息的后面
prev.next = msg;
}
.....................
.....................
}
return true;
}
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