本文共节选3段,建议大家先自主阅读原文,再学习精读笔记。
文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句,读者也可自己总结。会定期将内容进行总结,做成word分享,希望大家也能坚持学习
1
In 1977 Richard Peto, an epidemiologist at Oxford University, observed a contradiction. Cancerbegins as a mutation in a single cell. Organisms with more cells should therefore have a higher risk of developing it. Elephants, which have 100 times as many cells as human beings do, should swarm with malignancies. Whales, with ten times more again, should be barnacled with tumors. In fact, the planet’s behemoths are blessed with extremely low rates of cancer. Titanic bodies and tumor resistance have evolved in tandem. The secret of suppressing cancer may therefore be hidden in the genes of giants.
epidemiologist:流行病学家
observed a contradiction:观察到/注意到一个矛盾【搭配】
begin as:以……为开始。在医学中通常如此运用life begins as a stem cell生命起源于干细胞,即sth begins as指的是某物起源于。可以和stem from(起源于)相互替换【词组积累】
have a higher risk of……:有更高的风险会发生……【词组积累】
develop:develop sth(sth可以是某些疾病),表示患(病);出现(问题)等意思【熟词僻义】
swarm with:充满了,如the crowds swarm with activity,人群充满了活力。这里指的是大象体内应该充满了癌细胞【词组积累】
malignancy:恶性肿瘤
be barnacled with:thickly covered in something, as if with barnacles.被……所覆盖,这里也是形容鲸鱼体内充满了癌细胞。和上一个词组swarm with……是同义词【词组积累】
behemoth: [bɪ'himɑθ]庞然大物,巨兽
are blessed with:很幸运的拥有……【词组积累】
in tandem:同步地,一前一后地。evolve in tandem同步进化【词组积累】
1977年,牛津大学流行病学家Richard Peto注意到一个矛盾,癌症起源于一个单一细胞的变异。因此,拥有更多细胞的生物应该有更高的风险会罹患癌症。大象的细胞数是人类的100倍,鲸鱼,又多出10倍,都应该充满了癌细胞。实施上,地球上的庞然大物们很幸运,罹患癌症的几率极低。巨大的身体和肿瘤抵抗同步进化。抑制癌症的秘诀或许就隐藏在这些庞大动物的基因当中。
2
Dr Tollis found that as ancestral whales grew, numerous alterations to their tumor-suppressor geneshopped on board. He and his colleagues identified 33 known tumor-suppressing genes inhumpback whales that showed evidence of advantageous changes. These included ATR, which detects damage to DNA and halts the cycle of cell division that cancer-promoting mutationsencourage; AMER1, which stifles cell growth; and RECK, which reins in metastasis, the tendency of cancer cells to peel off their natal tumor and wander around the body looking for other sites to colonize. Humpback whales also have duplications in genes that promote apoptosis, the process that commands mutated cells to commit suicide. All this suggests that the evolution of gigantism incetaceans is associated with strong selective pressure in favour of genes that conquer cancer.
ancestral whales:鲸鱼的祖先
alteration:改变,变化,alteration to something某物的变化、改变【词汇积累】
hop on board:上岸,hop是登上(飞机,汽车等),on board是上船、上车的意思,这里hop on board指的是这些基因从海洋里登上陆地的意思。【词组积累】
humpback whales:座头鲸
identify:发现,找到,可以替换find,identify比find程度更深,find只是普通的寻找,identify更倾向于一种从鉴别识别中找到某种东西【同义替换】
known:已知的
show evidence of:展现了证据,即表明【词组积累】advantageous:有利的【词汇积累】
halt:暂停,中断
cancer-promoting:促癌的,如cancer-promoting genes促癌基因
encourage:促进;助长;刺激to make sth more likely to happen or develop
stifle:使窒息,另外还有“扼杀”的意思,这里是指阻断了细胞生长(stifle cell growth)【搭配】
rein in:控制,rein是缰绳,用来控制马。和下文的command mutated cells to commit suicide是相同的用法【词组积累】
metastasis:(瘤)转移
peel off:脱落,剥离,peel off their natal tumor 即脱离原味癌【词组积累】
natal tumor:natal表示的是出生地的,故natal tumor指的应该是原位癌,原位肿瘤
apoptosis:细胞凋亡
commit suicide:自杀
cetacean:鲸类动物[sɪˈteɪʃənz]
Tollis发现随着鲸鱼祖先地进化,大量抑癌基因发生变化,从海洋来到陆地上。他和他的同事们从座头鲸中发现了33个已知的抑癌基因,这是有利变化的证据。这包括了ATR,可以检测到DNA损伤,并暂停促癌异变促使的细胞分裂。AMER1可以阻断细胞生长;RECK控制瘤的转移,即肿瘤细胞离开原始位置,到身体的其他部位进行复制。座头鲸也有重复基因推动细胞凋亡,即控制变异细胞进行自杀的程序。所有这些都表明巨型鲸类生物的进化与自然选择偏向战胜癌症的基因有关。
3
Cancer biologists are familiar with ATR, AMER1 and RECK because people have them too. But whales may also harbor tumor-fighting genes unknown to science. The next step is therefore toirradiate laboratory-grown lines of whale cells, in order to encourage cancer-causing mutations and thus find out which genes become active in an attempt to clamp down on those mutations. The eventual goal is to discover which strategies whale genes use to combat cancer.
harbor:包含,藏有,to contain sth and allow it to develop,这里指的是鲸鱼体内藏有抗肿瘤基因【熟词僻义】
irradiate:辐射照射
become active in:active指的是活跃,这里指的是基因活跃,即显现活性。【词组积累】
clamp down on sth:严厉打击,通常用于表示严厉打击不法行为,这里clamp down on mutations指的是阻止异变【词组积累】
combat cancer:击败癌症【搭配】
肿瘤生物学家熟悉ATR, AMER1和RECK,因为人们也有这些基因。但是鲸鱼可能藏有科学未知的抗肿瘤基因。因此,为了促进致癌异变并发现哪个基因在异变时起效来阻止癌变,下一步需要做的是辐射照射实验室培养的鲸鱼细胞。最终目标是寻找鲸鱼基因使用哪个策略来打败癌症。
总结
alteration:改变,变化,alteration to something某物的变化、改变【词汇积累】
advantageous:有利的【词汇积累】
begin as:以……为开始。在医学中通常如此运用life begins as a stem cell生命起源于干细胞,即sth begins as指的是某物起源于。可以和stem from(起源于)相互替换【词组积累】
have a higher risk of……:有更高的风险会发生……【词组积累】
swarm with:充满了,如the crowds swarm with activity,人群充满了活力。这里指的是大象体内应该充满了癌细胞【词组积累】
be barnacled with:thickly covered in something, as if with barnacles.被……所覆盖,这里也是形容鲸鱼体内充满了癌细胞。和上一个词组swarm with……是同义词【词组积累】
are blessed with:很幸运的拥有……【词组积累】
in tandem:同步地,一前一后地。evolve in tandem同步进化【词组积累】
hop on board:上岸,hop是登上(飞机,汽车等),on board是上船、上车的意思,这里hop on board指的是这些基因从海洋里登上陆地的意思。【词组积累】
show evidence of:展现了证据,即表明【词组积累】
rein in:控制,rein是缰绳,用来控制马。和下文的command mutated cells to commit suicide是相同的用法【词组积累】
peel off:脱落,剥离,peel off their natal tumor 即脱离原味癌【词组积累】
become active in:active指的是活跃,这里指的是基因活跃,即显现活性。【词组积累】
clamp down on sth:严厉打击,通常用于表示严厉打击不法行为,这里clamp down on mutations指的是阻止异变【词组积累】
observed a contradiction:观察到/注意到一个矛盾【搭配】
combat cancer:击败癌症【搭配】
stifle:使窒息,另外还有“扼杀”的意思,这里是指阻断了细胞生长(stifle cell growth)【搭配】
identify:发现,找到,可以替换find,identify比find程度更深,find只是普通的寻找,identify更倾向于一种从鉴别识别中找到某种东西【同义替换】
harbor:包含,藏有,to contain sth and allow it to develop,这里指的是鲸鱼体内藏有抗肿瘤基因【熟词僻义】
develop:develop sth(sth可以是某些疾病),表示患(病);出现(问题)等意思【熟词僻义】