Ubuntu 16.04, Python 2.7 安装 TensorFlow CPU

1. 安装 Virtualenv

$ sudo apt-get install python-pip python-dev python-virtualenv # for Python 2.7

2. 创建 Virtualenv 环境

$ virtualenv --system-site-packages ~/tensorflow # for Python 2.7

3. 激活 Virtualenv

$ source ~/tensorflow/bin/activate # bash, sh, ksh, or zsh

提示符改变

(tensorflow)$ 

4. 确保 pip ≥8.1

(tensorflow)$ easy_install -U pip

5. Virtualenv 环境下安装 TensorFlow

(tensorflow)$ pip install --upgrade tensorflow      # for Python 2.7

6. Hello World

import tensorflow as tf
hello = tf.constant('Hello, TensorFlow!')
sess = tf.Session()
print(sess.run(hello))

(tensorflow) $ python hello.py 
Hello, TensorFlow!

6. 退出 Virtualenv

(tensorflow)$ deactivate** 

Installing TensorFlow on Ubuntu

This guide explains how to install TensorFlow on Ubuntu. Although these instructions might also work on other Linux variants, we have only tested (and we only support) these instructions on machines meeting the following requirements:

• 64-bit desktops or laptops
• Ubuntu 16.04 or higher

Determine which TensorFlow to install

You must choose one of the following types of TensorFlow to install:

• TensorFlow with CPU support only. If your system does not have a NVIDIA® GPU, you must install this version. Note that this version of TensorFlow is typically much easier to install (typically, in 5 or 10 minutes), so even if you have an NVIDIA GPU, we recommend installing this version first.
• TensorFlow with GPU support. TensorFlow programs typically run significantly faster on a GPU than on a CPU. Therefore, if your system has a NVIDIA® GPU meeting the prerequisites shown below and you need to run performance-critical applications, you should ultimately install this version.

NVIDIA requirements to run TensorFlow with GPU support

If you are installing TensorFlow with GPU support using one of the mechanisms described in this guide, then the following NVIDIA software must be installed on your system:

• CUDA® Toolkit 9.0. For details, see NVIDIA's documentation. Ensure that you append the relevant CUDA pathnames to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable as described in the NVIDIA documentation.
• The NVIDIA drivers associated with CUDA Toolkit 9.0.
• cuDNN v7.0. For details, see NVIDIA's documentation. Ensure that you create the CUDA_HOME environment variable as described in the NVIDIA documentation.
• GPU card with CUDA Compute Capability 3.0 or higher for building from source and 3.5 or higher for our binaries. See NVIDIA documentation for a list of supported GPU cards.
• The libcupti-dev library, which is the NVIDIA CUDA Profile Tools Interface. This library provides advanced profiling support. To install this library, issue the following command for CUDA Toolkit >= 8.0:

$ sudo apt-get install cuda-command-line-tools

and add its path to your `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` environment variable:

$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:}/usr/local/cuda/extras/CUPTI/lib64

For CUDA Toolkit <= 7.5 do:

$ sudo apt-get install libcupti-dev

* **[OPTIONAL]** For optimized inferencing performance, you can also install NVIDIA TensorRT 3.0\. For details, see [NVIDIA's TensorRT documentation](http://docs.nvidia.com/deeplearning/sdk/tensorrt-install-guide/index.html#installing-tar). Only steps 1-4 in the TensorRT Tar File installation instructions are required for compatibility with TensorFlow; the Python package installation in steps 5 and 6 can be omitted. Detailed installation instructions can be found at [package documentataion](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/tree/master/tensorflow/contrib/tensorrt#installing-tensorrt-304)

**IMPORTANT:** For compatibility with the pre-built `tensorflow-gpu` package, please use the Ubuntu **14.04** tar file package of TensorRT even when installing onto an Ubuntu 16.04 system.

If you have an earlier version of the preceding packages, please upgrade to the specified versions. If upgrading is not possible, then you may still run TensorFlow with GPU support, but only if you do the following:

• Install TensorFlow from sources as documented in Installing TensorFlow from Sources.
• Install or upgrade to at least the following NVIDIA versions:
  • CUDA toolkit 7.0 or greater
  • cuDNN v3 or greater
  • GPU card with CUDA Compute Capability 3.0 or higher.

Determine how to install TensorFlow

You must pick the mechanism by which you install TensorFlow. The supported choices are as follows:

• Virtualenv
• "native" pip
• Docker
• Anaconda
• installing from sources, which is documented in a separate guide.

We recommend the Virtualenv installation. Virtualenv is a virtual Python environment isolated from other Python development, incapable of interfering with or being affected by other Python programs on the same machine. During the Virtualenv installation process, you will install not only TensorFlow but also all the packages that TensorFlow requires. (This is actually pretty easy.) To start working with TensorFlow, you simply need to "activate" the virtual environment. All in all, Virtualenv provides a safe and reliable mechanism for installing and running TensorFlow.

Native pip installs TensorFlow directly on your system without going through any container system. We recommend the native pip install for system administrators aiming to make TensorFlow available to everyone on a multi-user system. Since a native pip installation is not walled-off in a separate container, the pip installation might interfere with other Python-based installations on your system. However, if you understand pip and your Python environment, a native pip installation often entails only a single command.

Docker completely isolates the TensorFlow installation from pre-existing packages on your machine. The Docker container contains TensorFlow and all its dependencies. Note that the Docker image can be quite large (hundreds of MBs). You might choose the Docker installation if you are incorporating TensorFlow into a larger application architecture that already uses Docker.

In Anaconda, you may use conda to create a virtual environment. However, within Anaconda, we recommend installing TensorFlow with the pip install command, not with the conda install command.

NOTE: The conda package is community supported, not officially supported. That is, the TensorFlow team neither tests nor maintains the conda package. Use that package at your own risk.

Installing with Virtualenv

Take the following steps to install TensorFlow with Virtualenv:

1. Install pip and Virtualenv by issuing one of the following commands:

$ sudo apt-get install python-pip python-dev python-virtualenv** # for Python 2.7
$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip python3-dev python-virtualenv** # for Python 3.n

2. Create a Virtualenv environment by issuing one of the following commands:

$ virtualenv --system-site-packages** *targetDirectory* # for Python 2.7
$ virtualenv --system-site-packages -p python3** *targetDirectory* # for Python 3.n

where `*targetDirectory*` specifies the top of the Virtualenv tree. Our instructions assume that `*targetDirectory*` is `~/tensorflow`, but you may choose any directory.

3. Activate the Virtualenv environment by issuing one of the following commands:

$ source ~/tensorflow/bin/activate** # bash, sh, ksh, or zsh
$ source ~/tensorflow/bin/activate.csh**  # csh or tcsh

The preceding **source** command should change your prompt to the following:

(tensorflow)$ 

4. Ensure pip ≥8.1 is installed:

(tensorflow)$ easy_install -U pip

5. Issue one of the following commands to install TensorFlow in the active Virtualenv environment:

(tensorflow)$ pip install --upgrade tensorflow**      # for Python 2.7
(tensorflow)$ pip3 install --upgrade tensorflow**     # for Python 3.n
(tensorflow)$ pip install --upgrade tensorflow-gpu**  # for Python 2.7 and GPU
(tensorflow)$ pip3 install --upgrade tensorflow-gpu** # for Python 3.n and GPU

If the above command succeeds, skip Step 6\. If the preceding command fails, perform Step 6.

6. (Optional) If Step 5 failed (typically because you invoked a pip version lower than 8.1), install TensorFlow in the active Virtualenv environment by issuing a command of the following format:

(tensorflow)$ pip install --upgrade** *tfBinaryURL*   # Python 2.7
(tensorflow)$ pip3 install --upgrade** *tfBinaryURL*  # Python 3.n 

where `*tfBinaryURL*` identifies the URL of the TensorFlow Python package. The appropriate value of `*tfBinaryURL*`depends on the operating system, Python version, and GPU support. Find the appropriate value for `*tfBinaryURL*` for your system [here](https://tensorflow.google.cn/install/install_linux#the_url_of_the_tensorflow_python_package). For example, if you are installing TensorFlow for Linux, Python 3.4, and CPU-only support, issue the following command to install TensorFlow in the active Virtualenv environment:

(tensorflow)$ pip3 install --upgrade \
     https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp34-cp34m-linux_x86_64.whl

If you encounter installation problems, see Common Installation Problems.

Next Steps

After installing TensorFlow, validate the installation.

Note that you must activate the Virtualenv environment each time you use TensorFlow. If the Virtualenv environment is not currently active, invoke one of the following commands:

$ source ~/tensorflow/bin/activate**      # bash, sh, ksh, or zsh
$ source ~/tensorflow/bin/activate.csh**  # csh or tcsh

When the Virtualenv environment is active, you may run TensorFlow programs from this shell. Your prompt will become the following to indicate that your tensorflow environment is active:

(tensorflow)$ 

When you are done using TensorFlow, you may deactivate the environment by invoking the deactivate function as follows:

(tensorflow)$ deactivate** 

The prompt will revert back to your default prompt (as defined by the PS1 environment variable).

Uninstalling TensorFlow

To uninstall TensorFlow, simply remove the tree you created. For example:

$ rm -r** *targetDirectory* 

Installing with native pip

You may install TensorFlow through pip, choosing between a simple installation procedure or a more complex one.

Note: The REQUIRED_PACKAGES section of setup.py lists the TensorFlow packages that pip will install or upgrade.

Prerequisite: Python and Pip

Python is automatically installed on Ubuntu. Take a moment to confirm (by issuing a python -V command) that one of the following Python versions is already installed on your system:

• Python 2.7
• Python 3.4+

The pip or pip3 package manager is usually installed on Ubuntu. Take a moment to confirm (by issuing a pip -V or pip3 -V command) that pip or pip3 is installed. We strongly recommend version 8.1 or higher of pip or pip3. If Version 8.1 or later is not installed, issue the following command, which will either install or upgrade to the latest pip version:

$ sudo apt-get install python-pip python-dev**   # for Python 2.7
$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip python3-dev** # for Python 3.n

Install TensorFlow

Assuming the prerequisite software is installed on your Linux host, take the following steps:

1. Install TensorFlow by invoking one of the following commands:

$ pip install tensorflow**      # Python 2.7; CPU support (no GPU support)
$ pip3 install tensorflow**     # Python 3.n; CPU support (no GPU support)
$ pip install tensorflow-gpu**  # Python 2.7;  GPU support
$ pip3 install tensorflow-gpu** # Python 3.n; GPU support 

If the preceding command runs to completion, you should now [validate your installation](https://tensorflow.google.cn/install/install_linux#ValidateYourInstallation).

2. (Optional.) If Step 1 failed, install the latest version of TensorFlow by issuing a command of the following format:

$ sudo pip  install --upgrade** *tfBinaryURL*   # Python 2.7
$ sudo pip3 install --upgrade** *tfBinaryURL*   # Python 3.n 

where `*tfBinaryURL*` identifies the URL of the TensorFlow Python package. The appropriate value of `*tfBinaryURL*` depends on the operating system, Python version, and GPU support. Find the appropriate value for `*tfBinaryURL*` [here](https://tensorflow.google.cn/install/install_linux#the_url_of_the_tensorflow_python_package). For example, to install TensorFlow for Linux, Python 3.4, and CPU-only support, issue the following command:

 $ sudo pip3 install --upgrade \
     https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp34-cp34m-linux_x86_64.whl

If this step fails, see [Common Installation Problems](https://tensorflow.google.cn/install/install_linux#common_installation_problems).

Next Steps

After installing TensorFlow, validate your installation.

Uninstalling TensorFlow

To uninstall TensorFlow, issue one of following commands:

$ sudo pip uninstall tensorflow**  # for Python 2.7
$ sudo pip3 uninstall tensorflow** # for Python 3.n

Installing with Docker

Take the following steps to install TensorFlow through Docker:

1. Install Docker on your machine as described in the Docker documentation.
2. Optionally, create a Linux group called docker to allow launching containers without sudo as described in the Docker documentation. (If you don't do this step, you'll have to use sudo each time you invoke Docker.)
3. To install a version of TensorFlow that supports GPUs, you must first install nvidia-docker, which is stored in github.
4. Launch a Docker container that contains one of the TensorFlow binary images.

The remainder of this section explains how to launch a Docker container.

CPU-only

To launch a Docker container with CPU-only support (that is, without GPU support), enter a command of the following format:

$ docker run -it *-p hostPort:containerPort TensorFlowCPUImage*

where:

• -p hostPort:containerPort is optional. If you plan to run TensorFlow programs from the shell, omit this option. If you plan to run TensorFlow programs as Jupyter notebooks, set both hostPort and containerPort to 8888. If you'd like to run TensorBoard inside the container, add a second -p flag, setting both hostPort and containerPort to 6006.

• TensorFlowCPUImage is required. It identifies the Docker container. Specify one of the following values:

  • tensorflow/tensorflow, which is the TensorFlow CPU binary image.
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:latest-devel, which is the latest TensorFlow CPU Binary image plus source code.
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:version**, which is the specified version (for example, 1.1.0rc1) of TensorFlow CPU binary image.
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:version-devel**, which is the specified version (for example, 1.1.0rc1) of the TensorFlow GPU binary image plus source code.

  TensorFlow images are available at dockerhub.

For example, the following command launches the latest TensorFlow CPU binary image in a Docker container from which you can run TensorFlow programs in a shell:

$ docker run -it tensorflow/tensorflow bash

The following command also launches the latest TensorFlow CPU binary image in a Docker container. However, in this Docker container, you can run TensorFlow programs in a Jupyter notebook:

$ docker run -it -p 8888:8888 tensorflow/tensorflow

Docker will download the TensorFlow binary image the first time you launch it.

GPU support

Prior to installing TensorFlow with GPU support, ensure that your system meets all NVIDIA software requirements. To launch a Docker container with NVidia GPU support, enter a command of the following format:

$ nvidia-docker run -it** *-p hostPort:containerPort TensorFlowGPUImage*

where:

• -p hostPort:containerPort is optional. If you plan to run TensorFlow programs from the shell, omit this option. If you plan to run TensorFlow programs as Jupyter notebooks, set both hostPort and *containerPort* to 8888.
• TensorFlowGPUImage specifies the Docker container. You must specify one of the following values:
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:latest-gpu, which is the latest TensorFlow GPU binary image.
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:latest-devel-gpu, which is the latest TensorFlow GPU Binary image plus source code.
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:version-gpu**, which is the specified version (for example, 0.12.1) of the TensorFlow GPU binary image.
  • tensorflow/tensorflow:version-devel-gpu**, which is the specified version (for example, 0.12.1) of the TensorFlow GPU binary image plus source code.

We recommend installing one of the latest versions. For example, the following command launches the latest TensorFlow GPU binary image in a Docker container from which you can run TensorFlow programs in a shell:

$ nvidia-docker run -it tensorflow/tensorflow:latest-gpu bash

The following command also launches the latest TensorFlow GPU binary image in a Docker container. In this Docker container, you can run TensorFlow programs in a Jupyter notebook:

$ nvidia-docker run -it -p 8888:8888 tensorflow/tensorflow:latest-gpu

The following command installs an older TensorFlow version (0.12.1):

$ nvidia-docker run -it -p 8888:8888 tensorflow/tensorflow:0.12.1-gpu

Docker will download the TensorFlow binary image the first time you launch it. For more details see the TensorFlow docker readme.

Next Steps

You should now validate your installation.

Installing with Anaconda

Take the following steps to install TensorFlow in an Anaconda environment:

1. Follow the instructions on the Anaconda download site to download and install Anaconda.

2. Create a conda environment named tensorflow to run a version of Python by invoking the following command:

$ conda create -n tensorflow pip python=2.7 # or python=3.3, etc.

3. Activate the conda environment by issuing the following command:

$ source activate tensorflow
 (tensorflow)$  # Your prompt should change 

4. Issue a command of the following format to install TensorFlow inside your conda environment:

(tensorflow)$ pip install --ignore-installed --upgrade** *tfBinaryURL*

where `*tfBinaryURL*` is the [URL of the TensorFlow Python package](https://tensorflow.google.cn/install/install_linux#the_url_of_the_tensorflow_python_package). For example, the following command installs the CPU-only version of TensorFlow for Python 3.4:

 (tensorflow)$ pip install --ignore-installed --upgrade \
     https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp34-cp34m-linux_x86_64.whl

Validate your installation

To validate your TensorFlow installation, do the following:

1. Ensure that your environment is prepared to run TensorFlow programs.
2. Run a short TensorFlow program.

Prepare your environment

If you installed on native pip, Virtualenv, or Anaconda, then do the following:

1. Start a terminal.
2. If you installed with Virtualenv or Anaconda, activate your container.
3. If you installed TensorFlow source code, navigate to any directory except one containing TensorFlow source code.

If you installed through Docker, start a Docker container from which you can run bash. For example:

$ docker run -it tensorflow/tensorflow bash

Run a short TensorFlow program

Invoke python from your shell as follows:

$ python

Enter the following short program inside the python interactive shell:

# Python  import tensorflow as tf
hello = tf.constant('Hello, TensorFlow!') sess = tf.Session()  print(sess.run(hello))` 

If the system outputs the following, then you are ready to begin writing TensorFlow programs:

Hello, TensorFlow!

If you are new to TensorFlow, see Getting Started with TensorFlow.

If the system outputs an error message instead of a greeting, see Common installation problems.

Common installation problems

We are relying on Stack Overflow to document TensorFlow installation problems and their remedies. The following table contains links to Stack Overflow answers for some common installation problems. If you encounter an error message or other installation problem not listed in the following table, search for it on Stack Overflow. If Stack Overflow doesn't show the error message, ask a new question about it on Stack Overflow and specify the tensorflow tag.

Stack Overflow Link
Error Message

36159194

ImportError: libcudart.so.*Version*: cannot open shared object file:
  No such file or directory

41991101

ImportError: libcudnn.*Version*: cannot open shared object file:
  No such file or directory

36371137 and here

libprotobuf ERROR google/protobuf/src/google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.cc:207] A
  protocol message was rejected because it was too big (more than 67108864 bytes).
  To increase the limit (or to disable these warnings), see
  CodedInputStream::SetTotalBytesLimit() in google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h.

35252888

Error importing tensorflow. Unless you are using bazel, you should
  not try to import tensorflow from its source directory; please exit the
  tensorflow source tree, and relaunch your python interpreter from
  there.

33623453

IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory:
  '/tmp/pip-o6Tpui-build/setup.py'

42006320

ImportError: Traceback (most recent call last):
  File ".../tensorflow/core/framework/graph_pb2.py", line 6, in <module>
  from google.protobuf import descriptor as _descriptor
  ImportError: cannot import name 'descriptor'</module>

35190574

SSLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify
  failed

42009190

  Installing collected packages: setuptools, protobuf, wheel, numpy, tensorflow
  Found existing installation: setuptools 1.1.6
  Uninstalling setuptools-1.1.6:
  Exception:
  ...
  [Errno 1] Operation not permitted:
  '/tmp/pip-a1DXRT-uninstall/.../lib/python/_markerlib' 

36933958

  ...
  Installing collected packages: setuptools, protobuf, wheel, numpy, tensorflow
  Found existing installation: setuptools 1.1.6
  Uninstalling setuptools-1.1.6:
  Exception:
  ...
  [Errno 1] Operation not permitted:
  '/tmp/pip-a1DXRT-uninstall/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/
   Versions/2.7/Extras/lib/python/_markerlib'

The URL of the TensorFlow Python package

A few installation mechanisms require the URL of the TensorFlow Python package. The value you specify depends on three factors:

• operating system
• Python version
• CPU only vs. GPU support

This section documents the relevant values for Linux installations.

Python 2.7

CPU only:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp27-none-linux_x86_64.whl

GPU support:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow_gpu-1.7.0-cp27-none-linux_x86_64.whl

Note that GPU support requires the NVIDIA hardware and software described in NVIDIA requirements to run TensorFlow with GPU support.

Python 3.4

CPU only:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp34-cp34m-linux_x86_64.whl

GPU support:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow_gpu-1.7.0-cp34-cp34m-linux_x86_64.whl

Note that GPU support requires the NVIDIA hardware and software described in NVIDIA requirements to run TensorFlow with GPU support.

Python 3.5

CPU only:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp35-cp35m-linux_x86_64.whl

GPU support:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow_gpu-1.7.0-cp35-cp35m-linux_x86_64.whl

Note that GPU support requires the NVIDIA hardware and software described in NVIDIA requirements to run TensorFlow with GPU support.

Python 3.6

CPU only:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/cpu/tensorflow-1.7.0-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl

GPU support:

https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow_gpu-1.7.0-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl

Note that GPU support requires the NVIDIA hardware and software described in NVIDIA requirements to run TensorFlow with GPU support.

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Last updated April 9, 2018.

https://tensorflow.google.cn/install/install_linux