一、Java Lambda 表达式

1、Lambda 表达式，也可称为闭包，它是推动 Java 8 发布的最重要新特性。Lambda 允许把函数作为一个方法的参数（函数作为参数传递进方法中）。
2、Lambda 表达式的接口只有一个方法。

public class Java8Tester {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      Java8Tester tester = new Java8Tester();
        
      // 类型声明
      MathOperation addition = (int a, int b) -> a + b;
        
      // 不用类型声明
      MathOperation subtraction = (a, b) -> a - b;
        
      // 大括号中的返回语句
      MathOperation multiplication = (int a, int b) -> { return a * b; };
        
      // 没有大括号及返回语句
      MathOperation division = (int a, int b) -> a / b;
        
      System.out.println("10 + 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, addition));
      System.out.println("10 - 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, subtraction));
      System.out.println("10 x 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, multiplication));
      System.out.println("10 / 5 = " + tester.operate(10, 5, division));
      //也可以这样：  
      System.out.println(addition.operation(1,2));
      // 不用括号
      GreetingService greetService1 = message ->
      System.out.println("Hello " + message);
        
      // 用括号
      GreetingService greetService2 = (message) ->
      System.out.println("Hello " + message);
        
      greetService1.sayMessage("Runoob");
      greetService2.sayMessage("Google");
   }
    
   interface MathOperation {
      int operation(int a, int b);
   }
    
   interface GreetingService {
      void sayMessage(String message);
   }
    
   private int operate(int a, int b, MathOperation mathOperation){
      return mathOperation.operation(a, b);
   }
}

二、stream（流计算）
Stream（流）是一个来自数据源的元素队列并支持聚合操作

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.Map;
 
public class Java8Tester {
   public static void main(String args[]){
      System.out.println("使用 Java 7: ");
        
      // 计算空字符串
      List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl");
      System.out.println("列表: " +strings);
      long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings);
        
      System.out.println("空字符数量为: " + count);
      count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings);
        
      System.out.println("字符串长度为 3 的数量为: " + count);
        
      // 删除空字符串
      List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings);
      System.out.println("筛选后的列表: " + filtered);
        
      // 删除空字符串，并使用逗号把它们合并起来
      String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", ");
      System.out.println("合并字符串: " + mergedString);
      List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5);
        
      // 获取列表元素平方数
      List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers);
      System.out.println("平方数列表: " + squaresList);
      List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19);
        
      System.out.println("列表: " +integers);
      System.out.println("列表中最大的数 : " + getMax(integers));
      System.out.println("列表中最小的数 : " + getMin(integers));
      System.out.println("所有数之和 : " + getSum(integers));
      System.out.println("平均数 : " + getAverage(integers));
      System.out.println("随机数: ");
        
      // 输出10个随机数
      Random random = new Random();
        
      for(int i=0; i < 10; i++){
         System.out.println(random.nextInt());
      }
        
      System.out.println("使用 Java 8: ");
      System.out.println("列表: " +strings);
        
      count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("空字符串数量为: " + count);
        
      count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count();
      System.out.println("字符串长度为 3 的数量为: " + count);
        
      filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("筛选后的列表: " + filtered);
        
      mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
      System.out.println("合并字符串: " + mergedString);
        
      squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
      System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList);
      System.out.println("列表: " +integers);
        
      IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics();
        
      System.out.println("列表中最大的数 : " + stats.getMax());
      System.out.println("列表中最小的数 : " + stats.getMin());
      System.out.println("所有数之和 : " + stats.getSum());
      System.out.println("平均数 : " + stats.getAverage());
      System.out.println("随机数: ");
        
      random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
        
      // 并行处理
      count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count();
      System.out.println("空字符串的数量为: " + count);
   }
    
   private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings){
      int count = 0;
        
      for(String string: strings){
        
         if(string.isEmpty()){
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
    
   private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings){
      int count = 0;
        
      for(String string: strings){
        
         if(string.length() == 3){
            count++;
         }
      }
      return count;
   }
    
   private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings){
      List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>();
        
      for(String string: strings){
        
         if(!string.isEmpty()){
             filteredList.add(string);
         }
      }
      return filteredList;
   }
    
   private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String separator){
      StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
        
      for(String string: strings){
        
         if(!string.isEmpty()){
            stringBuilder.append(string);
            stringBuilder.append(separator);
         }
      }
      String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString();
      return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2);
   }
    
   private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers){
      List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        
      for(Integer number: numbers){
         Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue());
            
         if(!squaresList.contains(square)){
            squaresList.add(square);
         }
      }
      return squaresList;
   }
    
   private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers){
      int max = numbers.get(0);
        
      for(int i=1;i < numbers.size();i++){
        
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
            
         if(number.intValue() > max){
            max = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return max;
   }
    
   private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers){
      int min = numbers.get(0);
        
      for(int i=1;i < numbers.size();i++){
         Integer number = numbers.get(i);
        
         if(number.intValue() < min){
            min = number.intValue();
         }
      }
      return min;
   }
    
   private static int getSum(List numbers){
      int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0));
        
      for(int i=1;i < numbers.size();i++){
         sum += (int)numbers.get(i);
      }
      return sum;
   }
    
   private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers){
      return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size();
   }
}

参考：
https://www.runoob.com/java/java8-lambda-expressions.html
https://www.runoob.com/java/java8-streams.html