英文中的比较
“比较”这两个字很有的谈。雅思小作文的最后一句话“make comparisons where relevant” 其实是有很深的内涵的。亚里士多德说,“同中见异、异中见同的能力是了不起的能力。”(大意如此)如果见到了常人见不到的异和同,则证明有超过常人的洞察力,而卓越的洞察力能使人在认识上更进一层,从而在实践中有更多的突破。
“比较”无处不在,有不用费多少力气便可以把握的高矮胖瘦,也有一些需要一番实践求索才能得出,比如效率。菊花和梅花的形状可以比较(哪个更大,更美),曾经的雕栏玉砌和今天的雕栏玉砌可以比较(朱颜改),车流和水流的流动性可以比较(缓慢还是飞快)。有些通常不被拿来比较的,也可以比较,比如山羊和杨树——这二者虽然无法从形状上比较,但因为同是生命,所以可以从寿命上比较。
我们发现,“比较”的发生需要有参与比较的两个主体(也可以是一个主体以自己为对象作比较)和比较的范围(也就是在哪个共有方面进行比较)。这个比较的范围,或者说比较的点,是“比较”所发生的关键,没有确定好比较点,比较就会失效。比如,“比较小狗和麻雀谁的翅膀更长”。小狗没有翅膀,所以无法比较。“比较小狗和麻雀谁更高”,是可以的,普遍来讲,麻雀站到地上,是没有小狗高的。
因为人的智慧发展到了可以对世界上的事物进行有意义的比较的阶段,所以人类的语言便以这样或那样的形式体现着“比较”的智慧,英文也不例外。
学习英文中的比较,我们只要把握好比较的点、参与比较的主体,以及把它们联系在一起的模式就好了。
首先,我们看看自己和自己的比较。
假如说参与比较的是一只小熊,比较点是重量,我们可以说:
The weight of the bear increased by 5 pounds during the last three months.
上面的例句表示增加了五磅。如果是五倍呢?
The weight of the bear increased by 5 times during the last three months.
如果是两倍,还可以这么说:
The weight of the bear doubled during the last three months.
还可以用另外一种模式表示小熊的重量:
The bear was 5 times as heavy as(it was)three months ago.
还有另外一种模式哦:
The bear was 5 times the weight of it three months ago.
聪明的读者已经发现了,上面都是小熊变重了,那么要是小熊变轻了怎么说呢?
The weight of the bear decreased by 5 pounds during the last three months.
轻了四分之一呢?
The weight of the bear decreased by a quarter(a/one fourth)during the last three months.
轻了一半呢?
The weight of the bear decreased by half during the last three months.
还可以换一种模式:
The bear was two-fifths as heavy as(it was)three months ago.
另一种:
The bear was two-fifths the weight of it three months ago.
现在看看不同的二者之间的比较。
My computer is more expensive than my phone.
贵800美元呢?
My computer is 800 dollars more expensive than my phone.
贵五倍呢?
My computer is 5 times as expensive as my phone.
还可以说成:
My computer is 5 times the cost of my phone.
或者:
My computer costs me 5 times as much as my phone.
反过来呢?我们和上述例句一一对应
My phone is cheaper than my computer.
My phone is 800 dollars cheaper than my computer.
My phone is a fifth as expensive as my computer.
My phone is one-fifth the cost of my computer.
My phone costs me a fifth of my computer.
熟悉上述的模式,多观察native speakers 是怎么用其他的模式表达比较的,模仿着造出自己的句子,久而久之,熟能生巧,则汉室之隆,可计日而待也。