Processing Integrity
- Data entry controls
- Field / sign / limit / range / size / completeness / validity check / reasonableness test / check digit verification
- Additional online data entry controls
- Prompting: request each input data item, and wait for acceptable response
- Processing controls
- File labels: header record, trailer record
- Transposition error, cross-footing tests, concurrent update controls
- Output controls
- Parity checking, echo check
Availability
- Fault tolerance, UPS (uninterruptible power supply)
- Backup (incremental / differential), restoration, RPO (recovery point objective)
- Real-time mirroring, checkpoint, RTO (recovery time objective)
- Backup → (Max = RPO) → Incident → (Max = RTO) → Restoration
